Q-1. What are the Aims and Principles of UN? (10 Marks)
Aims (Purposes) of the United Nations:
To Maintain International Peace and Security The UN aims to prevent wars, resolve conflicts peacefully, and take collective action against threats to peace.
To Develop Friendly Relations Among Nations It promotes equal rights, self-determination, and friendly cooperation among states.
To Achieve International Cooperation The UN works to solve global economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems while promoting human rights.
To Be a Center for Harmonizing Actions It serves as a platform where nations coordinate efforts to achieve common international goals.
Principles of the United Nations:
Sovereign Equality of States All member states are equal under the UN Charter.
Good Faith Members must fulfill their obligations honestly and sincerely.
Peaceful Settlement of Disputes All conflicts must be resolved through peaceful means.
Non-Use of Force Members must avoid threat or use of force against any state.
Assistance to the UN Members must support UN actions and decisions.
Non-Intervention The UN does not interfere in domestic matters of sovereign states.
Q-2. Answer any FIVE:
(i) Why does ice float on water?
Ice floats on water because it is less dense than liquid water. When water freezes, it expands and forms a crystalline structure that increases volume and reduces density.
(ii) Why is it easier to lift a heavy stone under water than in air?
In water, the stone experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of displaced water. This reduces its effective weight, making it easier to lift.
(iii) Why does it take more time to cook meat at hill stations?
At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure is lower, so water boils at a lower temperature. As a result, food cooks more slowly.
(iv) Where are days and nights equal throughout the year?
Days and nights are equal at the Equator due to its position relative to the Earth’s axis and sunlight distribution.
(v) Why does moisture gather on the outside of a cold glass?
Warm air cools when it touches the cold glass, causing water vapour to condense into droplets.
(vi) Why are roses red and grass green in daylight?
Objects reflect specific wavelengths of light. Roses reflect red light, while grass reflects green light due to chlorophyll.
Q-3. Abbreviations (Attempt any ten):
ESCAP – Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific GCC – Gulf Cooperation Council TOEFL – Test of English as a Foreign Language SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund SMEDA – Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development IMCO – Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (now IMO) FATA – Federally Administered Tribal Areas IMF – International Monetary Fund UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund
Q-4. Inventors:
Ball Point Pen – László Bíró Laser – Theodore Maiman Logarithm – John Napier Printing Press – Johannes Gutenberg Loud Speaker – Peter L. Jensen Microscope – Zacharias Janssen / Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Nylon – Wallace Carothers Railways (Steam Locomotive) – George Stephenson Submarine – Cornelis Drebbel Telescope – Hans Lippershey / Galileo Galilei X-Rays – Wilhelm Röntgen Sewing Machine – Elias Howe / Isaac Singer
Q-5. Differences:
(a) Aurora vs Nebula Aurora is a natural light display in Earth’s atmosphere, while a nebula is a cloud of gas and dust in outer space.
(b) Iceberg vs Ice Shelf Iceberg is a floating piece of broken ice; ice shelf is a large floating extension of land ice attached to a coast.
(c) Tsunami vs Earthquake Tsunami is a sea wave caused by underwater disturbances; earthquake is ground shaking due to tectonic activity.
(d) Brass vs Bronze Brass is copper + zinc; bronze is copper + tin.
(e) Bay vs Peninsula Bay is water surrounded by land on three sides; peninsula is land surrounded by water on three sides.
(f) Water Cycle vs Nitrogen Cycle Water cycle is movement of water through evaporation and rainfall; nitrogen cycle is circulation of nitrogen through air, soil, and organisms.
PART II: PAKISTAN STUDIES
Q-6. Baglihar Dam Dispute India built Baglihar Dam on River Chenab. Pakistan objected under Indus Waters Treaty, claiming design allowed excessive water control. A neutral expert allowed construction with minor design modifications.
Q-7. Operation in Malakand (Swat) Operation Rah-e-Rast cleared militants from Swat. Success showed state capability. Extension to other areas was necessary with rehabilitation and reforms.
Q-8. Gwadar Port Interests China uses Gwadar for trade access and energy route security under CPEC. The US focuses on regional maritime balance and strategic monitoring of sea routes.
Q-9. National Unity Against Threats Pakistan faces internal militancy and external pressures. National unity, strong institutions, and socio-economic reforms are necessary to defeat extremist forces and ensure stability.
