Condensation is the process by which water vapour changes into liquid water due to cooling.
Hibernation
Hibernation is a prolonged state of inactivity and reduced metabolism adopted by some animals during winter.
Anti-freeze
Anti-freeze is a chemical substance added to engine coolants to prevent freezing and overheating.
Camouflage
Camouflage is a protective adaptation that enables an organism to blend with its surroundings.
Hominid
A hominid is a member of the biological family that includes modern humans and their ancestors.
Orbit
An orbit is the curved path of a celestial body around another body due to gravity.
Plankton
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift in oceans, seas, and freshwater bodies.
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Piston
A piston is a cylindrical engine component that moves up and down inside a cylinder.
Axis
An axis is an imaginary line around which an object rotates.
Guillotine
A guillotine is a machine equipped with a heavy blade formerly used for executions.
Nucleus
The nucleus is the central core of an atom or the control center of a living cell.
Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process through which an organism undergoes a significant change in form.
Predator
A predator is an animal that hunts and feeds on other animals.
Serrated
Serrated means having a jagged or saw-toothed edge.
Q.2. Use any TEN of the following expressions in sentences of your own:
Verbatim
The secretary recorded the chairman’s speech verbatim.
Oligarchy
The country was governed by an oligarchy of powerful families.
Soliloquy
Hamlet’s famous soliloquy begins with the words “To be or not to be.”
Samaritan
A good Samaritan helped the injured man on the roadside.
Idiosyncrasy
His habit of talking to himself is an idiosyncrasy.
Insolvent
The company became insolvent after suffering huge losses.
Mortuary
The body was taken to the mortuary for examination.
Nepotism
Nepotism often discourages merit in public institutions.
Panacea
There is no panacea for all social problems.
Philanthropist
Abdul Sattar Edhi was a renowned philanthropist.
Red-tapism
Excessive red-tapism delayed the project.
Cosmopolitan
Karachi is a cosmopolitan city with people from diverse cultures.
Abrogate
The government decided to abrogate the outdated regulation.
Medieval
The castle was built during the medieval period.
Sinecure
He enjoyed a sinecure position with little responsibility.
Q.3. What do these abbreviations stand for and what are their functions?
A.F.P. (Agence France-Presse)
An international news agency headquartered in France that collects and distributes news worldwide.
A.W.A.C.S. (Airborne Warning and Control System)
An airborne radar system used for surveillance, command, and control of military operations.
F.I.F.A. (Fédération Internationale de Football Association)
The international governing body responsible for organizing and regulating football worldwide.
D.D.T. (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane)
A chemical insecticide formerly used to control mosquitoes and agricultural pests.
N.E.P.R.A. (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority)
The authority responsible for regulating Pakistan’s electric power sector.
U.N.I.C.E.F. (United Nations Children’s Fund)
A United Nations agency working for the welfare, health, education, and protection of children.
P.C.S.I.R. (Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
A national organization that promotes scientific and industrial research in Pakistan.
I.C.R.C. (International Committee of the Red Cross)
An international humanitarian organization that assists victims of wars and conflicts.
S.A.R.S. (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
A contagious viral respiratory disease first identified in 2003.
K.C.C.I. (Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry)
An organization representing the interests of traders and industrialists in Karachi.
S.P.C.A. (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)
An organization dedicated to protecting animals from abuse and neglect.
E.E.C. (European Economic Community)
An economic organization that later evolved into the European Union.
H.S.N.J. (Help Society for the Nature of Journalism)
A social and journalistic welfare organization. (As commonly accepted in old examination papers.)
F.A.T.A. (Federally Administered Tribal Areas)
Former tribal regions of Pakistan that were administered directly by the federal government.
I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund)
An international financial institution that promotes global monetary cooperation and provides financial assistance to member countries.
Q.4. Identify any TEN of the following with special reference to their countries and achievements:
Count Leo Tolstoy
A famous Russian novelist and philosopher, best known for “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina.”
Ibn Battuta
A Moroccan explorer and traveler who journeyed across Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Aristotle
A Greek philosopher and scientist who made significant contributions to logic, ethics, and politics.
Nelson Mandela
A South African anti-apartheid leader who became the first Black President of South Africa.
Louis Pasteur
A French scientist known for developing pasteurization and advancing microbiology.
Cervantes
A Spanish writer famous for authoring “Don Quixote.”
Enron
An American energy corporation that became notorious for one of the largest corporate scandals in history.
Patras Bokhari
A renowned Pakistani writer, humorist, broadcaster, and diplomat.
Amir Khusro
A celebrated Indian Muslim poet, scholar, and musician known as the “Parrot of India.”
Michael Owen
An English footballer who won the Ballon d’Or in 2001.
Angela Merkel
A German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021.
Mona Lisa
A world-famous painting by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.
J. K. Rowling
A British author best known for writing the Harry Potter series.
Sajjad Zaheer
A prominent Indo-Pakistani writer and founder of the Progressive Writers’ Movement.
Tony Blair
A British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007.
Q.5. Write Notes on any TWO of the following:
Role of Press in a Democracy
The press is often called the fourth pillar of the state. It informs citizens about national and international affairs, educates the public, and promotes awareness. A free press acts as a watchdog over government institutions by exposing corruption and misuse of power. It helps shape public opinion, encourages transparency, and strengthens democratic values. Responsible journalism ensures that citizens remain informed and actively participate in the democratic process.
Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy plays a vital role in modern development. It is used for generating electricity, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and meeting growing energy demands. In medicine, nuclear technology is used in cancer treatment, diagnosis, and medical research. In agriculture, it helps improve crop varieties and food preservation. Nuclear energy also supports scientific research and industrial development. When used responsibly, it contributes significantly to economic growth and human welfare.
