Q. Culture refers to:
Answer: B) Learned behavior and beliefs
Q. The term “culture” was first used in sociology by:
Answer: B) Edward B. Tylor
Q. The material aspects of culture include:
Answer: C) Tools and technology
Q. Non-material culture includes:
Answer: C) Beliefs and values
Q. A cultural trait is:
Answer: A) The smallest unit of culture
Q. Culture is:
Answer: B) Acquired through learning
Q. Cultural lag refers to:
Answer: C) Difference between material and non-material culture
Q. Ethnocentrism means:
Answer: A) Judging other cultures by one’s own standards
Q. Cultural relativism means:
Answer: C) Understanding culture in its own context
Q. A subculture is:
Answer: A) A culture within a culture
Q. Counterculture refers to:
Answer: B) A culture opposing dominant values
Q. Cultural diffusion is:
Answer: A) The spread of cultural elements from one society to another
Q. Cultural integration means:
Answer: A) Mixing of different cultures into a harmonious whole
Q. Acculturation is:
Answer: B) Process of cultural exchange and adaptation
Q. Enculturation refers to:
Answer: A) Learning one’s own culture
Q. Cultural pluralism means:
Answer: B) Many cultures coexisting in one society
Q. Cultural shock means:
Answer: B) Disorientation when encountering unfamiliar culture
Q. Folkways are:
Answer: B) Informal social customs
Q. Mores are:
Answer: A) Norms essential to the welfare of society
Q. Norms are:
Answer: A) Standards of behavior expected by society
Q. Cultural universals are:
Answer: A) Traits found in all societies
Q. Cultural assimilation means:
Answer: A) Adopting traits of another culture completely
Q. Cultural hybridization refers to:
Answer: A) Mixing elements from different cultures
Q. Cultural heritage means:
Answer: A) The total of inherited cultural traits
Q. The study of culture in sociology mainly focuses on:
Answer: B) Socially learned patterns of behavior
Which of the following best defines superstition in sociology?
Answer: An irrational attitude of mind based on fear of the unknown and faith in magic or luck.
According to sociology, superstition is primarily based on fear of the unknown and belief in:
Answer: Magic or luck.
Which of the following examples best illustrates a superstition passed down through generations?
Answer: Believing that a black cat crossing your path brings bad luck.
A state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person, object, or idea is known as:
Answer: Belief.
Unlike superstition, a belief is generally associated with personal trust and faith in:
Answer: God or supernatural entities.
In sociology, what are the unwritten standards developed by society to regulate the behaviour of its members?
Answer: Norms.
The primary purpose of social norms in every society is to:
Answer: Regulate the behaviour of members and maintain social order.
Failure to observe accepted social norms may ultimately result in:
Answer: Chaos and disorder in society.
Norms are mainly enforced through informal control exercised by the:
Answer: Primary group (family and friends).
Inner pressure, stress, conflict, and planning are classified as which sources of cultural change?
Answer: Internal (Endogenous) causes.
Urbanization, industrialization, migration, trade, and war are examples of:
Answer: External (Exogenous) causes of cultural change.
Natural disasters such as droughts, earthquakes, and deforestation are classified under which source of culture?
Answer: Physical Environment.
Which dimension of culture includes beliefs, knowledge, myths, ideas, and superstitions?
Answer: Cognitive dimension.
The normative dimension of culture is mainly concerned with:
Answer: Controlling behaviour through norms, values, and customs.
Cultural traditions transmitted orally through folk songs, stories, and legends are known as:
Answer: Little Tradition.
Written cultural traditions preserved through books and literature are referred to as:
Answer: Great Tradition.
The process through which elements of the Great Tradition become part of the Little Tradition is known as:
Answer: Universalisation.
Which feature clearly distinguishes laws from ordinary social norms?
Answer: Laws are formal, written, and explicitly enforced.
Formal laws are enacted and implemented by institutions such as the:
Answer: Parliament and Police.
Which of the following is an example of an informal reward for following social norms?
Answer: A pat on the back or a hug.
When material culture develops more rapidly than non-material culture, the resulting condition is known as:
Answer: Cultural Lag.
The concept of Cultural Lag was introduced by:
Answer: William F. Ogburn.
In the simplest sociological sense, culture is defined as:
Answer: The man-made part of the environment.
A group of people living in a particular territory and sharing a common language is called a:
Answer: Society.
Individuals or institutions responsible for transmitting culture and social values are known as:
Answer: Socialization agents.
Which socialization agents have the greatest influence during the primary stage of a child’s life?
Answer: Parents and family members.
Authoritative, authoritarian, and democratic are different types of:
Answer: Parenting styles.
Which institution is regarded as the most important formal agency for developing cognitive and social skills?
Answer: School.
Qualities such as sharing, cooperation, trust, and role acceptance are mainly developed through:
Answer: Peer groups.
Modern adolescents commonly derive their behavioural models from which agency of socialization?
Answer: Mass media (television and cinema).
The cultural and psychological changes resulting from continuous contact between different cultures are known as:
Answer: Acculturation.
Travelling abroad for education, employment, or trade is an example of:
Answer: Voluntary acculturation.
Socialization and Cultural Psychology
Patricia Greenfield provides an explanation for how social and learning environments, cultural values, and individual developmental trends interconnect in which of the following works?
Answer: C. The Theory of Social Change and Human Development
In her work on the connection between social and learning environments, cultural values, and individual developmental trends, Greenfield draws upon constructs that relate to social groups. Gemeinschaft communities connect to all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: C. independent models of the self
In her work on the connection between social and learning environments, cultural values, and individual developmental trends, Greenfield draws upon constructs that relate to social groups. Gesellschaft communities connect to all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: A. rural areas
In her work, Greenfield connects types of communities to particular cultural value systems. Gesellschaft communities connect to the cultural value of:
Answer: B. independence
In her work, Greenfield connects types of communities to particular cultural value systems. Gemeinschaft communities connect to the cultural value of:
Answer: A. interdependence
In the Theory of Social Change and Human Development, Greenfield suggests that cultural values shape the stages of development through which a child passes. She termed these stages:
Answer: C. developmental pathways
Greenfield’s model of how social change affects developmental outcomes predicts that:
Answer: C. the developmental pathways move in concert with sociodemographic change
A family migrating from rural Mexico to the US is moving from a Gemeinschaft community to a Gesellschaft community. According to Greenfield, her model predicts a shift in cultural values toward:
Answer: C. independence
In his groundbreaking work which inspired cultural research on the self, Triandis utilized which of Hofstede’s dimensions to compare nations?
Answer: B. individualism-collectivism
Some researchers have demonstrated the value of expanding the individualism-collectivism dimension. This includes:
Answer: A. horizontal and vertical distinctions
Which of the following measures does not provide researchers ways to compare personality traits across cultures?
Answer: D. the DSM-5
Challenges exist with using Western measures in different cultural context. This is true for the study of personality. Which of the following pairs of measures revealed the indigenous personality trait, Interpersonal Relatedness?
Answer: C. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory and the Cross-Cultural Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
Which of the following researchers discovered that although some Filipino traits overlap with the Five Factor Model, several indigenous Filipino personality traits also emerged?
Answer: C. Church
Which of the following is an indigenous personality trait?
Answer: D. social curiosity
Aktas, Gelfand, and Hanges investigated the relationship between cultural values and leadership. Which model did they used to compare how social norms shape leadership?
Answer: C. tightness-looseness
In tight societies, there is little tolerance for deviating from social norms. One personality trait and behavior this society would support and reinforce in its socialization practices is:
Answer: A. self-regulation
In loose societies, emphasis is not on strong social norms and society in general is lenient when people deviate from those expectations. One personality trait and behavior this society would support and reinforce in its socialization practices is:
Answer: B. self-expression
In their work on the relationship between cultural values and leadership, Aktas, Gelfand, and Hanges found:
Answer: C. tight cultures prefer team leaders
Which research team introduced the idea that cultural models and the self-concepts they support shape aspects of personality?
Answer: D. Markus and Kitayama
If you live in the cultural community that places an importance on how others perceive the self and reinforces cultural values and traits such as humility, it is likely that you align with which of the following?
Answer: B. face cultures
If you live in the cultural community that places an emphasis on individual rights, freedom, and measuring one’s own self-worth, it is likely that you align with which of the following?
Answer: A. dignity cultures
In their study, Seo and colleagues studied people’s perceptions of how poorly they perform in the presence of others. They used the concept of face and dignity cultures to interpret their findings. They included Chinese and American participants in their study. The researchers found:
Answer: C. Chinese participants rated themselves more poorly when performing in front of a large audience
Which of the following research questions can help illuminate cultural differences in the ways people think, act, and feel about values and motivations in local contexts?
Answer: D. How do cultural values connect to social patterning?
Which researchers will most likely inspire future studies in the area of culture and achievement?
Answer: C. Murdock and Trumbull
Which of the following researchers explored the connection between values, economics, and culture at the individual and country level?
Answer: D. Fischer
De Raad and colleagues explored commonalities in the way diverse language speakers construct value taxonomies. Which of the following was a common value structure that emerged in their work?
Answer: C. status and respect
De Raad and colleagues explored commonalities in the way diverse language speakers construct value taxonomies. Which of the following WAS NOT a common value structure that emerged in their work?
Answer: B. interpersonal relatedness
Which individual’s work on the connection between social change and human development is generating new research on values in new cultural contexts?
Answer: B. Greenfield
Which of the following is one of the most comprehensive cross-cultural studies on development which explored how social structure and child rearing practices shaped children’s personality development?
Answer: C. The Six Cultures Study On Socialization
Which contemporary researcher is continuing The Six Cultures Study of Socialization’s emphasis upon how cultural practices and customs shape children’s developmental outcomes?
Answer: A. Lancy
In addition to stimulating research on cultural child rearing practices and customs, The Six Cultures Study on Socialization was one of the first cross-cultural studies to:
Answer: A. unpack the cultural variables that shape gender differences
Which individual introduced the term emerging adulthood into the developmental literature?
Answer: B. Arnett
Which of the following IS NOT a criterion associated with emerging adulthood?
Answer: D. a time for focusing on others
Early studies on how children acquired cultural meaning and learn important core values to the participation in cultural practices and routines have inspired contemporary research on the role of culture in development. Which researcher explored the connection between culture and development across the lifespan and from multiple perspectives?
Answer: B. Jensen
Socialization will no doubt continue to be a topic of inquiry in future studies on culture and development. Which researcher studied storytelling across different cultural context highlighting how children require cultural meaning to their participation in daily social interactions?
Answer: C. Miller
One area of interest is the connection between socialization goals in children’s academic success. Which contemporary study compares socialization goals of Romanian, Nigerian, Moroccan, and Sri Lankan immigrant mothers and their children’s preschool teachers in Italy?
Answer: A. Lavelli, Döge, & Bighin
With increasing migration, one important issue for many countries will be how to best prepare teachers to work with culturally diverse students to achieve academic success. Culturally Relevant Pedagogy focuses upon several major areas which include all the following EXCEPT:
Answer: D. country mandated testing
What is one major principle of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy?
Answer: A. effective teachers are accepting of all cultural heritages
In their study, Huang and Lamb studied the relationship between acculturation and parenting strategies among Chinese immigrants living in the United Kingdom. They found:
Answer: B. Chinese parents adopted some aspects of authoritative parenting because of their acculturation to British culture
Many studies on fatherhood are now exploring this experience in underrepresented cultural communities. One such area is:
Answer: D. Russia
Historically, which of the following is a common perception about Russian fatherhood and parenting in Russia?
Answer: C. many Russian fathers remain uninvolved in their children’s lives because of cultural and historical forces
What forces are affecting fatherhood in Russia such that many fathers are struggling with trying to provide for their children and have a place in their child’s life?
Answer: B. the change from socialism to capitalism
Which individual’s work on cultural differences in depression inspired much cultural research on mental health?
Answer: C. Kleinman
Which individual introduced the term acculturative stress as a particular factor in the well-being of individuals migrating from their home to a new host country?
Answer: A. Berry
Cultural display rules connect to how we:
Answer: B. manage, adjust, and express basic emotional responses
Which individuals developed the model that highlights how culture shapes the biological basis of our emotions?
Answer: C. Matsumoto and Hwang
The Stereotype Content Model connects:
Answer: B. individuals with stereotypical content
Which individual was one of the first to challenge Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Answer: C. Snarey
Shweder introduced The Big Three of Morality Theory. It includes the following ethical principles EXCEPT:
Answer: D. collectivism
One way to combat ethnocentric attitudes is through the view:
Answer: A. cultural relativism
In cultural pluralism, less dominant social groups:
Answer: C. participate fully in mainstream society while maintaining their cultural identity, practices, and values
IMPORTANT Guess Paper
Greenfield’s Sociodemographic Framework: Focus on testing her transition principles—how shifting from Gemeinschaft (rural, homogenous, interdependent) to Gesellschaft (urban, diverse, independent) drives shifts in developmental pathways and individual self-expression.
Personality & Indigenization: Include questions targeting cross-cultural limits of the Big Five Model, tracking specifically how unique indigenous traits like Interpersonal Relatedness (China) and Social Curiosity (Philippines) were discovered using localized inventories.
Social Regulation Typologies: Test structural differences under the Tightness-Looseness model (Gelfand), noting that tight environments socialize for high impulse control/self-regulation, whereas loose settings support open self-expression.
Identity Cultures: Differentiate between Face Cultures (vulnerability to external audience evaluations and structural humility) and Dignity Cultures (internalized self-worth and foundational individual liberties).
Socialization, Personality & Interview Skills
Why should you ask how candidates handle a task they initially thought was impossible?
Answer: To determine whether they can solve problems, think critically, and step outside their comfort zone.
What should applicants describe when responding to how they handle seemingly impossible challenges?
Answer: Their approach and problem-solving steps, such as defining the challenge, establishing goals, assessing data, and creating a plan.
What can an interviewer learn by asking whether a candidate prefers working in a team or independently?
Answer: Whether the candidate is a team player or works better as an individual contributor.
What do top applicants do when offered a specific work scenario, regardless of their personal preference?
Answer: They can adapt to the work scenario offered to them.
What are two examples of follow-up questions to discover how candidates will adapt to a team or independent setting?
Answer: “How would you ensure you communicate efficiently with a team?” and “How would you work as an individual contributor to meet deadlines?”
Why should you ask applicants to name something they are passionate about?
Answer: To learn about extra traits or experiences they bring and see if their values match the company culture.
What do software developers and content writers usually focus on when expressing their professional passions?
Answer: Completing side projects or writing blog posts in their free time.
Why are creative solutions highly valuable in a work environment?
Answer: They show that applicants use critical and creative thinking skills to solve complex problems.
What two key things should a candidate’s response about a creative solution reveal?
Answer: More about their creative traits and how successful their creative solutions were.
Why is it important to consider applicants with approachable personality traits?
Answer: They are open-minded, easy to collaborate with, and more likely to foster a productive environment.
What three key skills are evaluated by a Communication test to see if an employee is approachable?
Answer: Active listening, written communication, and spoken communication skills.
Why will a candidate with excellent attention to detail enhance the business-client relationship?
Answer: By delivering good-quality work that fulfills their clients’ expectations.
How do detail-oriented team members save time and build accountability?
Answer: By taking responsibility for errors early in the project and completing tasks successfully without mistakes.
What does the question about staying calm in stressful situations help determine?
Answer: Whether the candidate can work well under pressure.
How can applicants demonstrate that they handle stress effectively in a professional setting?
Answer: By providing examples of stressful situations they faced and how they coped with them.
Why is asking for three descriptive adjectives a great way to evaluate a candidate?
Answer: To learn how their personality traits fit into your team and if they align with company values.
What do research studies suggest about conscientiousness in the workplace?
Answer: It is a positive predictor of job performance and helps ensure individuals meet deadlines.
Which assessment helps determine which of the nine distinct personalities and traits best describe an applicant?
Answer: Enneagram test.
Why should interviewers listen closely to the factors that inspire an applicant’s professional goals?
Answer: To look for responses that express motivation and a passion for developing abilities and experience.
Why must applicants be flexible and able to adapt to changes in their work environment?
Answer: Because work environments do not always stay the same due to management changes or team structure adjustments.
How can an applicant’s favorite hobby help an interviewer evaluate them?
Answer: It helps identify their transferable social skills like communication, teamwork, or dedication.
Why is understanding a candidate’s preferred learning method useful for an organization?
Answer: It helps determine if upskilling practices align with their learning styles and aids the onboarding and training process.
What essential skills help resolve discrepancies when coworkers or team members disagree?
Answer: Negotiation, mediation skills, and communication.
What does an interview question about covering for a coworker test in an applicant?
Answer: Their ability to adapt to new situations and complete tasks they may be unfamiliar with.
What specific qualities enhance productivity when an employee has to cover for someone else?
Answer: Enthusiasm, critical-thinking skills, and problem-solving abilities.
What should an employer check if an applicant feels frustrated due to a lack of career progress?
Answer: Whether they communicated with their team leader or manager to request new opportunities, responsibilities, or training.
How should a proactive applicant react when receiving negative feedback from a manager?
Answer: They should be receptive, eager to improve, and not feel discouraged.
How do top applicants respond to scenarios where they feel disappointed at work?
Answer: By learning from mistakes, resolving disagreements, or enhancing skills to ensure it doesn’t happen again.
What percentage of workers find it annoying when coworkers arrange unnecessary meetings?
Answer: 46%.
What percentage of workers find it very annoying when coworkers enter the office late?
Answer: 44%.
How should candidates address their frustrations regarding common work-related pet peeves?
Answer: By communicating with coworkers and maintaining high productivity despite the challenges.
What can an applicant’s best soft skill help you learn about them?
Answer: Whether they are versatile candidates who can handle complex challenges.
Name four common examples of valuable soft skills mentioned in the text.
Answer: Time management, leadership, problem-solving, and attention to detail.
Which three skill tests are recommended to fully evaluate an applicant’s soft skills?
Answer: Time Management, Leadership and People Management, and Attention to Detail tests.
What type of skill should the best responses identify when asking a candidate what they want to improve?
Answer: A skill related to the field that can enhance the applicant’s productivity.
What can enthusiasm and passion in a candidate indicate to an employer?
Answer: That they are eager to progress and achieve targets.
How can a customer service representative demonstrate passion for their field?
Answer: By thanking clients for their feedback and implementing their suggestions to enhance the customer experience.
Why should you ask a candidate to describe the environment that closely aligns with their work style?
Answer: To learn their work style and see if it aligns with the environment you provide.
For what types of open positions are problem-solving skills considered ideal?
Answer: Software tester, editorial, and teaching positions.
Which skill test is ideal for reviewing analytical abilities and assessing textual information?
Answer: Problem Solving skill test.
Why is it crucial to know if a candidate’s values align with your company culture?
Answer: It helps you learn if they will work well with your team.
What should candidates do before applying to ensure their values align with the organization?
Answer: Research the company culture, mission, values, and expectations.
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