Q-I. Write an Essay on any ONE of the following topics: (45 Marks)
(1) The Ideals of Democracy.
(2) Capital Punishment: Should it be abolished?
(3) Military Service.
(4) The Wealth of the Sea.
Q-II. (a) Make a précis of the following passage in about one third of the original and suggest a title: (25 Marks)
After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly noticed it, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction. The world population goes up by two percent a year, city population goes up four percent a year; but in big cities the rate may be as much as five or six percent a year. To give one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three dwellings and 100 square metres of roads every hour. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken. As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink, just as they have shrunk in Britain, and the vast majority of their people will move into the city. In fact, in Britain now only about four or five percent of people live in rural areas and depend upon them, all through the developing world the vanguard of the rural exodus has reached the urban fringes already, and there they huddle, migrants in the favelas and barrios of Latin America, in shanty towns in Africa, in those horrifying encampments one sees on the outskirts of Karachi and Lahore. We are heading towards an urban world.
This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we have to remember that the new cities devour space. People now acquire for more goods and things. There is a greater density of household goods, and they demand more services such as sewage and drainage. Above all the car changes everything, rising incomes and rising populations can make urban car density increase by something like four or five percent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curious ambivalence, it creates and then destroys mobility. The car tempts further out and then gives them the appalling problem of getting back. It makes them believe they can spend Sunday in Brighton but makes it impossible for them to return before, say, two in the morning. People go further and further away to reach open spaces or countryside which continuously recedes from them, and just as their working weeks decline and they begin to have more time for leisure, they find they cannot get to the open spaces or the recreation or the beaches which they now have time to enjoy.
Recently some studies were made in the behaviour of mice when exposed to more than a certain degree of density, frustration, and noise, and the mice just became deranged. I think some sociologists wonder whether it might not be the same for men. This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, and machines, all increasing with almost brutal speed, does account for some really anti-social tendencies in modern urban growth.
(b) Explain the meaning of the underlined words.
Q-III. Translate into Urdu: (15 Marks)
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor, who is which depending on whether the customer’s account is in credit or is overdrawn. But in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. The bank must obey its customer’s instructions and not those of anyone else, when, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signatures and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer’s money on a cheque on which its customer’s signature has been forged.
Q-IV. Translate into English: (15 Marks)
پاکستان کی ترقی اور خوشحالی کے لئے زرعی ترقی بہت ضروری ہے۔ اور زرعی ترقی بغیر آبپاشی کے ممکن نہیں۔ پاکستان میں موجودہ پایاوں میں موسم کے اعتبار سے پانی کم یا زیادہ رہتا ہے۔ کیونکہ پانی ان دریاوں میں پہاڑوں میں جمی برف کے پگھلنے اور بارش سے آتا ہے۔ موسم گرما میں ان میں خوب پانی آتا ہے۔ یہاں تک کہ دریا اپنے کناروں سے باہر ہو جاتے ہیں۔ پانی کی بہت بڑی مقدار اس موسم میں آپی ذخائر نہ ہونے کے باعث ضائع ہو جاتی ہے۔ یوں دریا کے کنارے آباد علاقے زیرِ آب آ جاتے ہیں اور تباہی اور بربادی مقدر بن جاتی ہے۔ جیسے جیسے موسمِ سرما قریب آتا جاتا ہے دریاوں میں پانی کم ہو جاتا ہے اور ایسے میں زراعت اور دیگر ضروریاتِ زندگی کے لئے پانی کی کمی واقع ہو جاتی ہے۔
ENGLISH SOLVED PAPER
Q-I. Write an Essay on any ONE of the following topics: (45 Marks)
(2) Capital Punishment: Should it be abolished?
Essay Outline
1. Introduction
Definition of capital punishment (death penalty).
The global debate: Retributive justice vs. human rights.
Thesis Statement: While capital punishment serves as a definitive deterrent for heinous crimes and provides closure to victims, it must be strictly regulated or replaced with life imprisonment due to the risk of irreversible judicial errors and the modern focus on rehabilitation.
2. Arguments in Favor of Capital Punishment
A. Retributive Justice: The principle of “an eye for an eye”—heinous crimes deserve proportional punishment.
B. Permanent Deterrence: Eliminating offender recidivism permanently ensures public safety.
C. Closure for Victims’ Families: Providing psychological relief and justice to the aggrieved.
3. Arguments Against Capital Punishment
A. Risk of Executing Innocents: The absolute irreversibility of a flawed judicial verdict.
B. Human Rights Perspective: The state-sanctioned violation of the fundamental right to life.
C. Lack of Reconstructive Purpose: Capital punishment focuses purely on retribution rather than prisoner rehabilitation.
4. Conclusion
A summary statement advocating for judicial reforms or rigorous proof standards to balance justice with human dignity.
Essay
Capital punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, has been a cornerstone of criminal justice systems across various civilizations for millennia. It represents the ultimate legal sanction executed by the state against individuals convicted of heinous offenses such as murder, terrorism, and treason. In the modern era, the practice has sparked intense global debate, polarizing legal experts, human rights advocates, and criminologists. The central question remains whether the death penalty serves as a necessary instrument of justice and deterrence, or if it constitutes an outdated, cruel violation of fundamental human rights.
Proponents of capital punishment heavily rely on the moral principle of retributive justice, often summarized by the ancient legal maxim, “let the punishment fit the crime.” From this perspective, certain criminal acts are so monstrous that they shatter the social contract entirely, and the only morally proportional response is the forfeiture of the perpetrator’s own life. Furthermore, advocates argue that the death penalty serves as a powerful permanent deterrent. It ensures that dangerous offenders are permanently incapacitated and can never commit further acts of violence within society or inside correctional facilities. For the families of victims, the execution of a perpetrator often provides a necessary sense of legal closure and psychological peace, signaling that the state values the life that was lost.
Conversely, opponents of capital punishment present compelling ethical and legal arguments for its absolute abolition. The most critical argument rests on the fallibility of human justice systems. No legal framework is entirely immune to systemic corruption, investigative bias, or judicial errors. If an innocent individual is executed, the miscarriage of justice is completely irreversible. Modern forensic advancements, such as DNA testing, have overturned numerous wrongful convictions, proving that innocent people have historically been sent to death row. Additionally, human rights organizations argue that state-sanctioned executions degrade the moral authority of the government, violating the universal right to life. They suggest that long-term life imprisonment without parole achieves the same objective of public safety without resorting to irreversible violence.
Ultimately, the debate over capital punishment highlights the tension between retribution and rehabilitation. While the desire to punish extreme criminality is justified, a progressive society must prioritize judicial infallibility and human dignity. Unless a state can guarantee a flawless, transparent legal system, the global trend toward restricting or abolishing the death penalty remains a legally sound path toward humane governance.
Q-II. (a) Make a précis of the following passage in about one third of the original and suggest a title: (25 Marks)
Suitable Title
The Appalling Speed and Anti-Social Impact of Hyper-Urbanization
The Modern Urban Crisis: Space, Cars, and Psychological Strain
How Rapid Urban Growth Destroys Rural Horizons
Précis
After millennia of slow growth, modern cities are expanding rapidly due to global population surges, causing rural areas to shrink as technology reduces agricultural jobs. This massive rural exodus has led to overcrowded shanty towns around major developing cities like Karachi and Lahore. As cities grow, they consume vast spaces and experience a high density of household goods and vehicles. The rise in automobile ownership, intended to increase mobility, ironically creates gridlock and cuts off access to expanding open recreational spaces during leisure time. Behavioral studies on overcrowding indicate that high population densities coupled with noise and traffic chaos lead to severe psychological frustration, fueling anti-social tendencies within modern urban environments.
(b) Explain the meaning of the underlined words.
Millennia: A span of one thousand years (plural of millennium).
Exodus: A mass departure or migration of people from a region.
Appalling: Inspiring shock, horror, or deep dismay.
Recedes: Moves back, withdraws, or becomes more distant.
Deranged: Driven insane, mentally unbalanced, or highly disordered.
Q-III. Translate into Urdu: (15 Marks)
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor, who is which depending on whether the customer’s account is in credit or is overdrawn. But in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. The bank must obey its customer’s instructions and not those of anyone else, when, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signatures and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer’s money on a cheque on which its customer’s signature has been forged.
جب کوئی شخص بینک میں کرنٹ اکاؤنٹ کھولتا ہے، تو وہ اصل میں بینک کو رقم ادھار دے رہا ہوتا ہے، جس کی واپسی کا مطالبہ وہ کسی بھی وقت، یا تو نقد رقم کی صورت میں یا کسی دوسرے شخص کے حق میں چیک جاری کر کے کر سکتا ہے۔ بنیادی طور پر، بینکر اور گاہک کا رشتہ مقروض اور قرض خواہ کا ہوتا ہے؛ کون کیا ہے؟ اس کا انحصار اس بات پر ہوتا ہے کہ آیا گاہک کے اکاؤنٹ میں رقم موجود (جمع) ہے یا اس نے حد سے زیادہ رقم (اوور ڈرافٹ) نکالی ہوئی ہے۔ لیکن اس بنیادی اور سادہ تصور کے علاوہ، بینک اور اس کے گاہک پر ایک دوسرے کے حوالے سے بہت سی ذمہ داریاں (فرائض) عائد ہوتی ہیں۔ ان میں سے بہت سی ذمہ داریاں مسائل اور پیچیدگیوں کو جنم دے سکتی ہیں، لیکن بینک کا ایک گاہک، مثال کے طور پر سامان خریدنے والے کی طرح، یہ شکایت نہیں کر سکتا کہ قانون اس کے خلاف جھکا ہوا ہے۔ بینک کے لیے لازمی ہے کہ وہ صرف اپنے گاہک کی ہدایات پر عمل کرے نہ کہ کسی اور کی، مثال کے طور پر جب کوئی گاہک پہلی بار اکاؤنٹ کھولتا ہے، تو وہ بینک کو ہدایت دیتا ہے کہ اس کے اکاؤنٹ سے صرف وہی رقم منہا (ڈیبٹ) کی جائے جو اس کے اپنے جاری کردہ چیکس کے عوض ہو۔ وہ بینک کو اپنے دستخطوں کے نمونے فراہم کرتا ہے اور یہ ایک نہایت سخت قانون ہے کہ بینک کو گاہک کی رقم ایسے کسی چیک پر ادا کرنے کا کوئی حق یا اختیار نہیں ہے جس پر گاہک کے دستخط جعل سازی (فراڈ) سے بنائے گئے ہوں۔
Q-IV. Translate into English: (15 Marks)
پاکستان کی ترقی اور خوشحالی کے لئے زرعی ترقی بہت ضروری ہے۔ اور زرعی ترقی بغیر آبپاشی کے ممکن نہیں۔ پاکستان میں موجودہ دریاوں میں موسم کے اعتبار سے پانی کم یا زیادہ رہتا ہے۔ کیونکہ پانی ان دریاوں میں پہاڑوں میں جمی برف کے پگھلنے اور بارش سے آتا ہے۔ موسم گرما میں ان میں خوب پانی آتا ہے۔ یہاں تک کہ دریا اپنے کناروں سے باہر ہو جاتے ہیں۔ پانی کی بہت بڑی مقدار اس موسم میں آبی ذخائر نہ ہونے کے باعث ضائع ہو جاتی ہے۔ یوں دریا کے کنارے آباد علاقے زیرِ آب آ جاتے ہیں اور تباہی اور بربادی مقدر بن جاتی ہے۔ جیسے جیسے موسمِ سرما قریب آتا جاتا ہے دریاوں میں پانی کم ہو جاتا ہے اور ایسے میں زراعت اور دیگر ضروریاتِ زندگی کے لئے پانی کی کمی واقع ہو جاتی ہے۔
Agricultural development is vital for the progress and prosperity of Pakistan, and agricultural development is impossible without irrigation. In the existing rivers of Pakistan, the water level fluctuates depending on the season. This is because water in these rivers comes from the melting of snow on the mountains and from rainfall. In the summer season, they flow with abundant water, to the extent that the rivers overflow their banks. Due to the lack of water reservoirs, a massive amount of water is wasted during this season. Consequently, the areas settled along the river banks are submerged under water, and destruction and devastation become their destiny. As the winter season approaches, the water in the rivers decreases, and in such a situation, a scarcity of water occurs for agriculture and other necessities of life.
