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11. Adjective Phrase (صفتی فقرہ)

Definition:
An adjective phrase is a group of related words that works like an adjective and describes or modifies a noun or pronoun in a sentence. It provides additional information about a person, place, thing, or idea by telling us what kind, which one, or how many. An adjective phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb but adds detail and meaning to the noun it describes.

Examples:

He is a leader of great qualities.
Noun: leader
Adjective Phrase: of great qualities

The girl with blue eyes is my sister.
Noun: girl
Adjective Phrase: with blue eyes

I bought a chain made of pure gold.
Noun: chain
Adjective Phrase: made of pure gold

The man wearing a black coat is my teacher.
Noun: man
Adjective Phrase: wearing a black coat

Tip:
An adjective phrase always describes a noun or pronoun and answers questions such as “What kind?”, “Which one?”, or “How many?”.

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12. Adverb Phrase (حالی فقرہ)

Definition:
An adverb phrase is a group of words that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, or why something happens.

Examples:

He fell on this spot.
Verb: fell
Adverb Phrase: on this spot

She answered the questions in a very polite manner.
Verb: answered
Adverb Phrase: in a very polite manner

The final match will start in the afternoon.
Verb: start
Adverb Phrase: in the afternoon

Tip:
An adverb phrase usually answers how, when, where, or why.

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13. Noun Phrase (اسمی فقرہ)

Definition:
A noun phrase is a group of words that acts as a noun in a sentence. It can work as a subject or an object.

Examples:

I promise to reach earlier.
Noun Phrase: to reach earlier

The old homeless man sat by the road.
Noun Phrase: The old homeless man

Eating healthy food is good for everyone.
Noun Phrase: Eating healthy food

Tip:
A noun phrase functions as a person, place, thing, or idea.

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14. Verb Phrase (فعلی فقرہ)

Definition:
A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

Examples:

She has been working since morning.
Verb Phrase: has been working

The students are writing their exams.
Verb Phrase: are writing

You must clear this competitive test.
Verb Phrase: must clear

Tip:
The complete verb in a sentence is called a verb phrase.

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15. Prepositional Phrase (حرفِ جار والا فقرہ)

Definition:
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

The keys are on the kitchen table.
Prepositional Phrase: on the kitchen table

He walked through the dark forest.
Prepositional Phrase: through the dark forest

The cat slept under the bed.
Prepositional Phrase: under the bed

Tip:
A prepositional phrase often tells place, time, or direction.

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16. Conjunctional Phrase (حرفِ عطفی فقرہ)

Definition:
A conjunctional phrase is a group of words that joins two words, phrases, or clauses.

Examples:

He failed because of his laziness.
Conjunctional Phrase: because of

I will come as well as my brother.
Conjunctional Phrase: as well as

Perform your duty so that you can succeed.
Conjunctional Phrase: so that

Tip:
A conjunctional phrase connects ideas and shows relationships between them.

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17. Clause (شق)

Definition:
A clause is a group of words that contains its own subject and predicate.

Examples:

He reads a newspaper and I write a letter.

Clause 1:
He reads a newspaper

Clause 2:
I write a letter

When the bell rang, the students left.

Clause 1:
the bell rang

Clause 2:
the students left

Tip:
Every clause contains a subject and a verb.

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18. Main Clause (مرکزی شق)

Definition:
A main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

Examples:

We should study where the standard is high.
Main Clause: We should study

Although it was raining, they played cricket.
Main Clause: they played cricket

Tip:
A main clause makes complete sense by itself.

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19. Subordinate Clause (تابع شق)

Definition:
A subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and depends on a main clause.

Examples:

We should study where the standard is high.
Subordinate Clause: where the standard is high

If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
Subordinate Clause: If you work hard

Tip:
A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

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20. Adjective Clause (صفتی شق)

Definition:
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that describes a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

I have lost the shoes that he gave to me.
Noun: shoes
Adjective Clause: that he gave to me

The boy who won the first prize is my cousin.
Noun: boy
Adjective Clause: who won the first prize

This is the historical house where I was born.
Noun: house
Adjective Clause: where I was born

Tip:
An adjective clause gives additional information about a noun.

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21. Adverb Clause (حالی شق)

Definition:
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that functions like an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and tells us when, where, why, how, under what condition, or to what extent an action takes place. An adverb clause contains its own subject and verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Examples:

Live where you please.
Verb: Live
Adverb Clause: where you please

They left after the rain stopped.
Verb: left
Adverb Clause: after the rain stopped

She cried because she lost her keys.
Verb: cried
Adverb Clause: because she lost her keys

Tip:
An adverb clause usually answers questions such as when, where, why, how, or under what condition.

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22. Noun Clause (اسمی شق)

Definition:
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that performs the function of a noun. It can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. A noun clause contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone.

Examples:

What he said made everyone laugh.
Verb: made
Noun Clause (Subject): What he said

I do not know where she lives.
Verb: know
Noun Clause (Object): where she lives

That he is going abroad is certain.
Verb: is
Noun Clause (Subject): That he is going abroad

Tip:
A noun clause can usually be replaced by a noun or pronoun.

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23. Co-ordinate Clause (ہم مرتبہ شق)

Definition:
A co-ordinate clause is an independent clause joined with another independent clause by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, so, yet, and for. Each clause has equal importance and can stand alone as a complete sentence.

Examples:

He is very strong but he does not tease others.

Clause 1: He is very strong

Clause 2: he does not tease others

Conjunction: but

You can take the bus or you can walk.

Clause 1: You can take the bus

Clause 2: you can walk

Conjunction: or

The bell rang and the students entered.

Clause 1: The bell rang

Clause 2: the students entered

Conjunction: and

Tip:
If both clauses make complete sense independently, they are usually co-ordinate clauses.

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24. Classification of Sentences (جملوں کی اقسام)

Definition:
Sentences can be classified according to their purpose and structure. This classification helps us understand how sentences are used to express information, ask questions, give commands, or express emotions.

Main Types:

• Assertive or Declarative Sentence
• Interrogative Sentence
• Imperative Sentence
• Exclamatory Sentence

Tip:
Every sentence belongs to a specific type based on its purpose.

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25. Assertive or Declarative Sentence (خبری جملہ)

Definition:
An assertive or declarative sentence is a sentence that states a fact, gives information, expresses an opinion, or makes a statement. It may be positive or negative and usually ends with a full stop (.).

Examples:

He is a hard-working person.
Type: Positive Statement

He does not make lame excuses.
Type: Negative Statement

The sun rises in the east.
Type: Positive Statement

Tip:
Declarative sentences are the most common type of sentences in English.

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26. Interrogative Sentence (سوالیہ جملہ)

Definition:
An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question. It is used to obtain information and always ends with a question mark (?).

Examples:

Who is working on this project?

Question Word: Who

Is anybody there?

Helping Verb: Is

Where are you going?

Question Word: Where

Tip:
Interrogative sentences usually begin with a helping verb or a question word.

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27. Single Question Sentence (Yes/No Question)

Definition:
A single question sentence is a type of interrogative sentence that can be answered with “Yes” or “No”. It generally begins with a helping verb.

Examples:

Is anybody there?

Helping Verb: Is

Are you really going with me?

Helping Verb: Are

Have you finished your work?

Helping Verb: Have

Tip:
If the answer can be given in one word (Yes or No), it is usually a single question sentence.

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28. Double Question Sentence (Wh- Question)

Definition:
A double question sentence begins with a question word such as what, where, when, why, who, whom, or how. It requires a detailed answer rather than a simple yes or no.

Examples:

What are you doing?

Question Word: What

Why are you late for the test?

Question Word: Why

Where did you buy this book?

Question Word: Where

Tip:
Wh- questions require explanation, reason, time, place, or detailed information.

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29. Imperative Sentence (حکمیہ جملہ)

Definition:
An imperative sentence is used to give commands, instructions, requests, advice, warnings, or suggestions. In most imperative sentences, the subject “You” is understood but not stated.

Examples:

Open the door.

Function: Command

Open the door, please.

Function: Request

Do not tell a lie.

Function: Advice

Tip:
Imperative sentences usually begin with the base form of a verb.

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30. Exclamatory Sentence (جذباتی جملہ)

Definition:
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotions such as joy, surprise, sorrow, excitement, admiration, or anger. It always ends with an exclamation mark (!).

Examples:

Hurrah! I have stood first.

Feeling: Joy

Alas! I have failed.

Feeling: Sorrow

What a beautiful poem it is!

Feeling: Surprise and Admiration

Tip:
Exclamatory sentences are used when the speaker wants to express strong feelings or emotions.

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31. Optative Sentence (دعائیہ جملہ)

Definition:
An optative sentence is used to express a wish, prayer, desire, blessing, or curse. Such sentences usually begin with words like “May” or “Would that” and often end with an exclamation mark (!).

Examples:

May you succeed in the examination!
Type: Prayer / Wish

Would that I were rich!
Type: Unreal or Imaginary Wish

Would that I had done my duty!
Type: Past Regret or Unfulfilled Wish

Tip:
Optative sentences express hopes, wishes, prayers, or strong desires.

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32. Imperative Expressing Proposal (Use of Let)

Definition:
This type of imperative sentence is used to make suggestions, proposals, or recommendations. It usually begins with the word “Let” followed by an object pronoun such as us, him, her, or them.

Examples:

Let us go for a walk.
Pronoun: us

Let them do their homework.
Pronoun: them

Let him explain the situation.
Pronoun: him

Tip:
“Let us” is commonly used to make suggestions that include the speaker and listener.

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33. Conditional Sentence (شرطیہ جملہ)

Definition:
A conditional sentence expresses a condition and its possible result. It contains two parts: the condition (if-clause) and the result (main clause).

Types of Conditional Sentences:

First Conditional (Real Possibility)

If he works hard, he will succeed.

Structure:
If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite

Second Conditional (Imaginary Present Situation)

If he worked hard, he would succeed.

Structure:
If + Past Indefinite + Would + Base Verb

Third Conditional (Unreal Past Situation)

If he had worked hard, he would have succeeded.

Structure:
If + Past Perfect + Would Have + Past Participle

Inverted Conditional

Had we stayed at home, we would have done it.

Structure:
Had + Subject + Past Participle

Tip:
Conditional sentences are used to discuss real, possible, imaginary, or impossible situations.

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34. Simple Sentence (سادہ جملہ)

Definition:
A simple sentence contains only one independent clause and expresses a complete thought. It has one subject and one finite verb.

Examples:

He killed a snake.

Subject: He

Verb: killed

I am going to Lahore.

Subject: I

Verb: am going

Tip:
A simple sentence contains only one complete idea.

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35. Compound Sentence (مرکب جملہ)

Definition:
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, or, so, and yet.

Examples:

The sellers sell and the buyers buy.

Clause 1: The sellers sell

Clause 2: the buyers buy

Conjunction: and

They read newspapers and we listened to the radio.

Clause 1: They read newspapers

Clause 2: we listened to the radio

Conjunction: and

Tip:
Each clause in a compound sentence can stand alone as a complete sentence.

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36. Complex Sentence (پیچیدہ جملہ)

Definition:
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause depends on the main clause to complete its meaning.

Examples:

They went home when evening came.

Main Clause: They went home

Subordinate Clause: when evening came

We stayed inside because it was raining.

Main Clause: We stayed inside

Subordinate Clause: because it was raining

Tip:
A complex sentence combines a complete idea with additional supporting information.

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37. Parts of Speech (اجزائے کلام)

Definition:
Parts of speech are categories of words based on their function and use in a sentence. Every word in English belongs to a specific part of speech.

The Eight Parts of Speech:

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Adjective

4. Verb

5. Adverb

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjection

Tip:
Understanding parts of speech helps in learning grammar and sentence structure.

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38. Noun (اسم)

Definition:
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, quality, feeling, or idea. Nouns are the naming words of a language and form the foundation of most sentences.

Examples:

David bought a comfortable chair.

Nouns: David, chair

Her beauty and kindness surprised everyone.

Nouns: beauty, kindness

Tip:
A noun answers the question: “Who?” or “What?”

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39. Common Noun (اسم عام)

Definition:
A common noun is a general name given to a person, place, animal, or thing belonging to the same class. It does not refer to any particular person or thing and usually begins with a small letter.

Examples:

The boy went to the office.

Common Nouns: boy, office

This country has beautiful cities.

Common Nouns: country, cities

Tip:
Common nouns name general categories rather than specific individuals.

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40. Proper Noun (اسم خاص)

Definition:
A proper noun is the specific name of a particular person, place, organization, country, book, or thing. It always begins with a capital letter.

Examples:

Roger lives in Pakistan.

Proper Nouns: Roger, Pakistan

We read The Times newspaper.

Proper Noun: The Times

Tip:
Proper nouns identify one unique person, place, or thing.

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41. Abstract Noun (اسم کیفیت)

Definition:
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, feeling, state, action, idea, or concept that cannot be seen, touched, heard, or physically measured. It exists only in thought or experience.

Examples:

Honesty is the best policy.
Abstract Noun: Honesty

His laughter was loud.
Abstract Noun: laughter

Childhood memories are always special.
Abstract Noun: Childhood

Chemistry is a difficult subject.
Abstract Noun: Chemistry

Examples of Abstract Nouns:

Qualities:
Goodness, honesty, bravery, wisdom

Actions:
Laughter, movement, theft, judgment

States:
Childhood, youth, poverty, sickness

Ideas and Subjects:
Grammar, chemistry, physics, music

Tip:
If you cannot physically touch or see something, it is often an abstract noun.

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41. Material Noun (اسمِ مادہ)

Definition:
A material noun is the name of a substance, material, or raw element from which different things are made. These nouns usually refer to materials that can be measured or weighed but cannot normally be counted individually.

Examples:

The ring is made of gold.

Material Noun: gold

We need more sand and stone to build the wall.

Material Nouns: sand, stone

Heavy rain delayed the cricket match.

Material Noun: rain

He washed his hands with liquid soap.

Material Noun: soap

Tip:
Material nouns generally represent substances rather than individual objects.

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42. Collective Noun (اسمِ جمع)

Definition:
A collective noun is the name of a group of people, animals, or things considered as one unit. Although it refers to many members, it is treated as a single group.

Examples:

The cricket team won the final match.

Collective Noun: team

An army of soldiers marched toward the border.

Collective Noun: army

The police tried to control the angry mob.

Collective Noun: mob

Tip:
Collective nouns refer to a collection of individuals acting together as one group.

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43. Countable Noun (قابلِ شمار اسم)

Definition:
A countable noun is a noun that can be counted using numbers. It has both singular and plural forms and can be used with words such as one, two, many, few, and several.

Examples:

Three boys are standing outside the school.

Countable Nouns: boys, school

I bought five books and two pens yesterday.

Countable Nouns: books, pens

A student entered the classroom.

Countable Nouns: student, classroom

Tip:
If you can count it, it is usually a countable noun.

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44. Uncountable Noun (ناقابلِ شمار اسم)

Definition:
An uncountable noun refers to substances, materials, qualities, ideas, or concepts that cannot be counted individually. These nouns usually do not have plural forms.

Examples:

Please pour some fresh water into the jug.

Uncountable Noun: water

Knowledge is more valuable than silver.

Uncountable Nouns: knowledge, silver

Add a little sugar to my tea.

Uncountable Nouns: sugar, tea

Tip:
Uncountable nouns are measured by quantity rather than counted by number.

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45. Singular Noun (واحد اسم)

Definition:
A singular noun refers to one person, animal, place, thing, or idea.

Examples:

The teacher is sitting in the classroom.

Singular Nouns: teacher, classroom

A dog barked at the stranger.

Singular Nouns: dog, stranger

The child is reading a book.

Singular Nouns: child, book

Tip:
A singular noun always refers to one person or thing.

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46. Plural Noun (جمع اسم)

Definition:
A plural noun refers to more than one person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Most plural nouns are formed by adding “s” or “es” to the singular form.

Examples:

The teachers are having a meeting in the classrooms.

Plural Nouns: teachers, classrooms

Many dogs barked at the strangers.

Plural Nouns: dogs, strangers

The students completed their assignments.

Plural Nouns: students, assignments

Tip:
Plural nouns indicate a quantity greater than one.

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47. Gender (جنس)

Definition:
Gender is a grammatical category that indicates whether a noun refers to a male, female, both genders, or neither. English grammar mainly recognizes four genders: Masculine, Feminine, Common, and Neuter.

Types of Gender:

1. Masculine Gender

2. Feminine Gender

3. Common Gender

4. Neuter Gender

Tip:
Gender helps identify the nature and classification of nouns.

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48. Masculine Gender (مذکر جنس)

Definition:
A masculine noun refers to a male person, animal, or a thing personified as male. Such nouns represent strength, power, authority, or manhood.

Examples:

The king ordered his soldiers to stand down.

Masculine Noun: king

The boy won the race.

Masculine Noun: boy

Death lays his icy hands on kings.

Personified Masculine Noun: Death

Examples of Masculine Nouns:

Man, boy, king, actor, bull, father, prince

Tip:
Masculine gender denotes male beings or objects personified as male.

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49. Feminine Gender (مونث جنس)

Definition:
A feminine noun refers to a female person, animal, or a thing personified as female. Such nouns often symbolize beauty, grace, kindness, or gentleness.

Examples:

The queen waved at the crowd.

Feminine Noun: queen

The girl won the competition.

Feminine Noun: girl

Spring spreads her green carpet over the fields.

Personified Feminine Noun: Spring

Examples of Feminine Nouns:

Woman, girl, queen, actress, cow, mother, princess

Tip:
Feminine gender denotes female beings or objects personified as female.

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50. Common Gender (مشترک جنس)

Definition:
A common gender noun can refer to either a male or a female without changing its form. The same word is used for both genders.

Examples:

The doctor examined the young patient.

Common Gender Noun: doctor

My neighbor is a professional writer.

Common Gender Nouns: neighbor, writer

The children are playing with their friend.

Common Gender Nouns: children, friend

Tip:
Common gender nouns do not indicate whether a person is male or female.

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51. Neuter Gender (غیر جاندار جنس)

Definition:
A neuter gender noun refers to non-living objects, places, materials, or things that have no biological sex. These nouns are neither masculine nor feminine.

Examples:

The book is kept on the wooden table.

Neuter Nouns: book, table

He threw a rock into the deep river.

Neuter Nouns: rock, river

The computer is working properly.

Neuter Noun: computer

Tip:
Most non-living things belong to the neuter gender.

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51. Case (حالت)

Definition:
Case is the form of a noun or pronoun that shows its grammatical relationship with other words in a sentence. It helps us identify whether a noun or pronoun is functioning as a subject, showing possession, receiving an action, or being directly addressed.

Examples:

The boy kicked the ball.

Subject: boy

Object: ball

This is Sarah’s pen.

Possessive Form: Sarah’s

Tip:
Cases help us understand the role of nouns and pronouns in a sentence.

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52. Types of Cases (حالتوں کی اقسام)

Definition:
Cases are different forms of nouns and pronouns that indicate their grammatical function in a sentence. English grammar mainly recognizes four types of cases.

Types of Cases:

1. Nominative Case (Subjective Case)

2. Possessive Case (Genitive Case)

3. Objective Case (Accusative Case)

4. Vocative Case

Tip:
The case of a noun or pronoun depends on the work it performs in a sentence.

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53. Nominative Case (Subjective Case) (فاعلی حالت)

Definition:
A noun or pronoun is in the nominative case when it functions as the subject of a verb. It performs the action or is the main focus of the sentence.

Examples:

Flowers blossom in spring.

Subject: Flowers

Verb: blossom

The train arrived on time.

Subject: The train

Verb: arrived

She sings beautifully.

Subject: She

Verb: sings

Tip:
The nominative case usually answers the question “Who?” or “What?” before the verb.

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54. Possessive Case (Genitive Case) (ملکی حالت)

Definition:
A noun or pronoun is in the possessive case when it shows ownership, possession, relationship, or association with another noun.

Examples:

John’s books are on the shelf.

Possessor: John’s

Owned Item: books

We bought men’s shirts from the mall.

Possessor: men’s

Owned Item: shirts

This is my laptop.

Possessor: my

Owned Item: laptop

Tip:
Possessive nouns usually take an apostrophe (‘) and s (‘s) to show ownership.

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55. Objective Case (Accusative Case) (مفعولی حالت)

Definition:
A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it receives the action of a verb or follows a preposition. It may function as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

Examples:

He loves cats.

Verb: loves

Objective Noun: cats

The teacher praised him.

Verb: praised

Objective Pronoun: him

The book is on the table.

Preposition: on

Objective Noun: table

Tip:
The objective case answers “Whom?” or “What?” after the verb.

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56. Vocative Case (ندائی حالت)

Definition:
A noun or pronoun is in the vocative case when it is used to directly address, call, or attract the attention of a person, group, animal, or thing.

Examples:

Look here, John.

Person Addressed: John

O Life! Where are you taking me?

Thing Addressed: Life

Sit down, students.

People Addressed: students

Tip:
The vocative case is often separated by commas in writing.

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57. Identical Case Forms in Nouns

Definition:
In English grammar, most nouns retain the same spelling and form whether they are used as subjects or objects. Unlike many other languages, English nouns usually do not change their form according to case.

Examples:

A cat has soft paws.

Case: Nominative Case

A dog chases a cat.

Case: Objective Case

The book is interesting.

Case: Nominative Case

I read the book.

Case: Objective Case

Tip:
The role of a noun changes in the sentence, but its spelling usually remains the same.

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58. Nouns in Apposition (بدلی اسم)

Definition:
A noun is said to be in apposition when it follows another noun to explain, identify, rename, or provide additional information about it. Both nouns refer to the same person, place, or thing.

Examples:

Roger, our leader, delivered a speech.

First Noun: Roger

Noun in Apposition: leader

Yesterday I met your uncle, the doctor.

First Noun: uncle

Noun in Apposition: doctor

Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, is a beautiful city.

First Noun: Islamabad

Noun in Apposition: capital

Tip:
A noun in apposition provides extra information about another noun without changing its meaning.

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59. Pronoun (ضمیر)

Definition:
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition and make sentences smoother and easier to understand. Pronouns help improve clarity and fluency in communication.

Examples:

Adam is absent because he is ill.

Noun: Adam

Pronoun: he

The pens are where you put them.

Noun: pens

Pronoun: them

Ayesha bought a dress and she likes it.

Pronouns: she, it

Tip:
Pronouns replace nouns that have already been mentioned in a sentence.

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60. Personal Pronouns (شخصی ضمائر)

Definition:
Personal pronouns are pronouns that refer to specific persons, animals, places, or things. They are classified according to the person speaking, the person being spoken to, and the person or thing being spoken about.

Types of Personal Pronouns:

First Person:
I, me, we, us

Second Person:
You

Third Person:
He, him, she, her, it, they, them

Examples:

I and we are waiting for you.

First Person: I, we

Second Person: you

He told them about the plan.

Third Person: he, them

She checked the machine and it was working perfectly.

Third Person: she, it

Tip:
Personal pronouns change according to the speaker, listener, and the person or thing being discussed.

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61. First Person (پہلا شخص)

Definition:
First person pronouns refer to the speaker or speakers who are talking.

Table:

Case | Singular | Plural
Nominative (Subject) | I | We
Possessive (Ownership) | my, mine | our, ours
Objective (Object) | me | us

Examples:

I am writing a book. (Subject)

This is my office. (Possession)

The manager called me. (Object)

Tip:
First person always refers to the speaker (I / We).

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62. Second Person (دوسرا شخص)

Definition:
Second person pronouns refer to the person or people being spoken to.

Table:

Case | Singular / Plural
Nominative (Subject) | You
Possessive (Ownership) | your, yours
Objective (Object) | you

Examples:

You should attend the lecture. (Subject)

Is this bag yours? (Possession)

The teacher will guide you. (Object)

Tip:
Second person always refers to the listener (You).

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63. Third Person (تیسرا شخص)

Definition:
Third person pronouns refer to the person, people, or things being talked about.

Table:

Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural
Nominative | he | she | it | they
Possessive | his | her, hers | its | their, theirs
Objective | him | her | it | them

Examples:

They completed the project on time. (Subject)

The cat drank its milk. (Possession)

We met him at the station. (Object)

Tip:
Third person refers to he, she, it, they.

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64. Interrogative Pronouns (سوالیہ ضمائر)

Definition:
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions about people or things.

Keywords:
who, whom, whose, which, what

Examples:

Who broke the window? (Person)

What are you doing? (Thing)

Whose is this bag? (Ownership)

Tip:
Used in questions.

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65. Relative Pronouns (موصولی ضمائر)

Definition:
Relative pronouns connect a clause with a noun and give extra information about it.

Keywords:
who, whom, whose, which, that

Examples:

The laptop that I bought is new.

The boy who won the race is my friend.

Tip:
They work as connector + pronoun.

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66. Conjunctive Pronouns (جوڑنے والے ضمائر)

Definition:
Conjunctive pronouns work as both pronoun and conjunction. They replace a noun and also join clauses.

Example:

I saw a man who was running very fast.

Tip:
They connect two ideas in one sentence.

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67. Antecedent (مرجع)

Definition:
An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers back to. It usually comes before the pronoun.

Examples:

I like the students who work hard.

Antecedent: students

The doctor finished his work.

Antecedent: doctor

Tip:
Pronouns always refer back to antecedents.

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68. Indefinite Pronouns (غیر معین ضمائر)

Definition:
Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things in a general way, not specifically.

Keywords:
some, many, few, all, none, anyone, everyone, someone

Examples:

Many were invited.

Does anyone know the answer?

Tip:
No specific person or thing is mentioned.

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69. Demonstrative Pronouns (اشاری ضمائر)

Definition:
Demonstrative pronouns point out specific things or people.

Keywords:
this, that, these, those

Examples:

This is my book.

Those are beautiful houses.

Tip:
This/These = near, That/Those = far

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70. Reflexive Pronouns (عکسی ضمائر)

Definition:
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same person or thing. They end in -self or -selves.

Singular | Plural
myself | ourselves
yourself | yourselves
himself | themselves
herself | themselves
itself | themselves

Examples:

He hurt himself.

We enjoyed ourselves.

Tip:
Action returns back to subject.

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71. Distributive Pronouns (تقسیمی ضمائر)

Definition:
Distributive pronouns refer to members of a group one by one. They are always singular in meaning.

Keywords:
each, either, neither, every

Examples:

Each of the students has a book.

Either of the roads is correct.

Neither of them is ready.

Tip:
Always used with singular verb.

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72. Emphatic Pronouns (زور دینے والے ضمائر)

Definition:
Emphatic pronouns are used to give stress or emphasis to the subject. They have the same form as reflexive pronouns.

Singular | Plural
myself | ourselves
yourself | yourselves
himself | themselves
herself | themselves
itself | themselves

Examples:

She herself solved the problem.

The President himself came.

Tip:
Used only for emphasis, not as object.

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73. Reciprocal Pronouns (باہمی ضمائر)

Definition:
Reciprocal pronouns show mutual action or relationship between two or more people.

Keywords:
each other, one another

Examples:

They helped each other.

The players congratulated one another.

Tip:
Each other = two persons, One another = more than two.

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EXERCISES ON CORRECT USE OF FORM OF VERB 

Part 1: Mixed Tenses

Exercise No. 1

She (recite) the Holy Quran every morning. [Answer: recites]

They (visit) the historical museum yesterday. [Answer: visited]

The manager (announce) the new policy tomorrow. [Answer: will announce / shall announce]

The children (get) ready for their test now. [Answer: are getting]

Asif (open) a retail shop in the market. [Answer: has opened]

I just (finish) writing the report. [Answer: have just finished]

The officer (complete) the verification before he left office. [Answer: had completed]

There (be) a public holiday after the elections. [Answer: will be]

Kamran (prepare) for competitive exams nowadays. [Answer: is preparing]

The company (go) to launch a useful application. [Answer: is going]

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Exercise No. 2

When the phone rang, she (cook) dinner. [Answer: was cooking]

The student is confident that he (pass) the assessment. [Answer: will pass]

I believe our team (perform) exceptionally well. [Answer: will perform]

If you follow the rules, you (avoid) the penalty. [Answer: will avoid]

Light (travel) faster than sound. [Answer: travels]

Bilal (desire) to settle in a big city. [Answer: desires]

You always (lose) your keys. [Answer: are always losing / always lose]

She believed that she (expand) her boutique. [Answer: would expand]

At last the committee (approve) our application. [Answer: approved]

The president (propose) a toast to their success at the dinner last night. [Answer: proposed]

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Exercise No. 3

After changing his career, he (start) a fresh chapter. [Answer: started]

Constant stress (affect) his physical health. [Answer: affects]

The patient (suffer) from flu for three days. [Answer: has been suffering]

It (hail) outside at this moment. [Answer: is hailing]

Leaves (fall) from the trees in autumn. [Answer: fall]

The nation (achieve) great economic stability. [Answer: has achieved]

The local citizens (struggle) for basic facilities. [Answer: are struggling]

The wheat crop (yield) better results this year. [Answer: has yielded / is yielding]

I (read) the poetry of Allama Iqbal. [Answer: have read]

The instructor (go) to explain the paragraph to you. [Answer: is going]

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Exercise No. 4

These lemons (taste) extremely sour. [Answer: taste]

My family (go) to the circus tonight. [Answer: is going]

He (read) historical novels when he is free. [Answer: reads]

I (stay) here until you complete the assignment. [Answer: will stay / shall stay]

The flight (depart) at 11 o’clock. [Answer: departs / will depart]

The plants (owe) their growth to sunlight. [Answer: owe]

When the bell (ring), we (leave) the examination hall. [Answer: rang, left]

An insincere partner does not (keep) his word. [Answer: does not keep]

A true gentleman always (honour) his commitment. [Answer: honours]

The bank (open) at 9 o’clock. [Answer: opens]

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Exercise No. 5

The postman (deliver) letters every afternoon. [Answer: delivers]

The Mughals (govern) the region for several centuries. [Answer: governed]

I enjoyed the walk while a gentle wind (blow). [Answer: was blowing]

If it (freeze), the water pipes (burst). [Answer: freezes, will burst]

When oil was extracted locally, its import (come) down. [Answer: came]

She (qualify) the test because she (study) systematically. [Answer: qualified, had studied]

I never (trust) his fabricated excuses. [Answer: trust]

If it is heated, the plastic (lose) its original shape. [Answer: loses]

Someone (seem) to be knocking at the door. [Answer: seems]

The driver (clean) the vehicle an hour ago. [Answer: cleaned]

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Exercise No. 6

The athlete (train) for the marathon for the last six months. [Answer: has been training]

My colleague often (arrive) late at the office. [Answer: arrives]

When I get a chance, I (visit) your hometown. [Answer: will visit / shall visit]

You (receive) the tracking number on Friday. [Answer: will receive]

By next week, the businessman (repay) the debt. [Answer: will have repaid]

Hamza (repair) his computer himself. [Answer: repairs]

If you do not arrive at the gate on time, the flight (leave). [Answer: will leave]

She has already (submit) her research paper. [Answer: has already submitted]

I cannot open the locker because I (forget) the combination password. [Answer: have forgotten]

By the end of this session, he (become) a certified accountant. [Answer: will have become]

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Exercise No. 7

Animals (move) to the southern valleys in winter season. [Answer: move / migrate]

The team (think) of an alternative plan to solve the crisis. [Answer: is thinking]

The captain decided that he (lead) the squad from the front. [Answer: would lead]

The presentation (start) when the guest (enter) the auditorium. [Answer: had started, entered]

The contractor told me that he (hand) over the keys. [Answer: had handed]

The state (strengthen) ties with neighboring countries. [Answer: promotes / strengthens]

Corrupt individuals (drain) the public funds. [Answer: drain / plunder]

We (go) to Murree next Saturday. [Answer: are going / shall go]

The guests (stay) at the hotel until Tuesday. [Answer: will stay]

I believe the residents (endure) these hardships bravely. [Answer: will endure]

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Exercise No. 8

The candidate (wait) for the interview call since 3 o’clock. [Answer: has been waiting]

The tourists were very thrilled as they had never (see) a desert before. [Answer: had never seen]

We (defend) our national integrity at all costs. [Answer: shall defend]

When I crossed him, he (look) preoccupied. [Answer: looked]

I have never (travel) in a ship. [Answer: have never traveled]

The headmaster (congratulate) the topper on his distinction. [Answer: congratulated]

People sometimes (accuse) others for their own failures. [Answer: accuse]

You cannot go out now because it (snow). [Answer: is snowing]

When I reach Islamabad, I (inform) you. [Answer: shall inform]

The department (organize) a seminar every year. [Answer: organizes]

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Exercise No. 9

She (walk) to the academy every day. [Answer: walks]

Saleem (speak) very politely. [Answer: speaks]

I (not sit) in the dark room. [Answer: do not sit]

Why do you (attend) the training sessions regularly? [Answer: do you attend]

Babies usually (cry) when they are hungry. [Answer: cry]

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Exercise No. 10

Honesty (give) a person respect. [Answer: gives]

We always (avoid) hypocrites. [Answer: avoid]

An innocent child always (tell) the truth. [Answer: tells]

Those boys (fight) over minor issues. [Answer: fight]

This wall clock (show) accurate time. [Answer: shows]

My uncle (travel) via public transport. [Answer: travels]

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Exercise No. 11

The laborers (construct) the boundary wall now. [Answer: are constructing]

Am I (solve) the math puzzle now? [Answer: Am I solving]

A cricket match (broadcast) live at this moment. [Answer: is being broadcast]

What is the technician (repair) now? [Answer: is repairing]

Those boys (be) making false claims. [Answer: are]

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Exercise No. 12

The principal has just (issue) the notice. [Answer: issued]

They have already (finish) the task in time. [Answer: finished]

The regulatory body has already (raise) the tax rates twice. [Answer: raised]

Has she already (agree) to your conditions? [Answer: agreed]

He has just (confess) his error. [Answer: confessed]

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Exercise No. 13

The typist (be) typing this document since Tuesday. [Answer: has been]

He has been (teach) mathematics since 1985. [Answer: teaching]

The artist (be) painting a canvas since morning. [Answer: has been]

They (be) discussing this case since noon. [Answer: have been]

Has it (be) raining since morning? [Answer: Has it been]

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Exercise No. 14

The delegation (travel) to Karachi yesterday. [Answer: traveled]

The audience (leave) the hall a few minutes ago. [Answer: left]

The watchman (not lock) the main gate yesterday. [Answer: did not lock]

Why did you (not submit) the application yesterday? [Answer: did you not submit]

How did the laboratory (catch) fire? [Answer: caught]

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Exercise No. 15

She (type) a message when the supervisor walked in. [Answer: was typing]

A cold wind (blow) when we stepped out. [Answer: was blowing]

The old man (sit) near the window while the tree fell down. [Answer: was sitting]

When the bell rang, I (be) checking the papers. [Answer: was]

I entered the office while they (be) arguing loudly. [Answer: were]

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Exercise No. 16

The clerk told me the token number after the officer (leave). [Answer: had left]

The investigator (find) nothing before he questioned me. [Answer: had found]

The guest praised the dish as soon as he (taste) it. [Answer: had tasted]

The traveler rewarded me for what I (do). [Answer: had done]

I was sad that I (have) dropped his watch. [Answer: had dropped]

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Exercise No. 17

The boys (play) football since Friday. [Answer: had been playing]

Those workers (work) in the mill since 1998. [Answer: had been working]

The mechanic (fix) the engine for twenty minutes. [Answer: had been fixing]

The students (prepare) for the debate since January. [Answer: had been preparing]

The delegates (argue) in the meeting room since 10 o’clock. [Answer: had been arguing]

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Exercise No. 18

By next December, the author (publish) his third book. [Answer: will have published]

Before his next meeting, the director (return) to headquarters. [Answer: will have returned]

Before you reach him, he (leave) for the airport. [Answer: will have left]

The spectators (not locate) their seats until the show starts. [Answer: will not locate]

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Exercise No. 19

Social media (play) a very vital role in communication. [Answer: plays]

This platform (be) also a voice of poor citizens. [Answer: has also become]

All of you (share) your experiences. [Answer: have shared]

Their complaints and viewpoints (be) delivered through this app. [Answer: are delivered]

News, radio, and magazines (give) us knowledge and entertainment. [Answer: give]

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Exercise No. 20

We have been residing in this apartment since 1995. [Answer: correct]

The guest (arrive) here yesterday. [Answer: arrived]

If you call him, he will be present. [Answer: correct]

She (appear) in the examination next month. [Answer: will appear]

They (visit) us tomorrow. [Answer: will visit]

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Exercise No. 21

I saw an old woman trying to lift the bag. [Answer: correct]

He promised to help me. [Answer: correct]

The officer wanted to take a break. [Answer: correct]

The child began to cry. [Answer: correct]

The teacher asked him to read the paragraph. [Answer: correct]

I told him not to tell a lie. [Answer: correct]

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Exercise No. 22

I have been studying for 4 hours. [Answer: correct]

I have been watching the news since 8 pm. [Answer: correct]

Naeem has not been feeling well for 2 weeks. [Answer: correct]

Farah has not visited the office since April. [Answer: correct]

They have been playing tennis for a long time. [Answer: correct]

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EXERCISE

1. If I had given my word, I ________ it.

   (a) would keep (b) had kept (c) will be keeping (d) would have kept

2. Unless you ________ hard, you will not qualify.

   (a) do not study (b) did not study (c) are studying (d) study

3. If you prepare well, you ________ pass the test.

   (a) will (b) will be (c) will have (d) are

4. Either you do your job or ________ this office.

   (a) left (b) leaving (c) leave (d) will leave

5. He neither smiled ________.

   (a) nor crying (b) or wept (c) nor wept (d) nor weep

6. She drove fast so that she ________ the train.

   (a) might catch (b) may catch (c) will catch (d) can catch

7. Unless you ________ regularly, you cannot improve.

   (a) practiced (b) practicing (c) practice (d) have practiced

8. The clerk returned to his seat, opened his laptop and ________ to type.

   (a) has begun (b) began (c) begins (d) had begun

9. What happened to the missing money was ________.

   (a) ever discovered (b) even discovered (c) neither discovered (d) never discovered

10. I ________ they would arrive early, but they didn’t.

    (a) have thought (b) think (c) thought (d) would think

11. His explanation was that he had ________ the document.

    (a) forgotten (b) forgot (c) forget (d) forgetting

12. In fact, it is not so cold today as it ________ yesterday.

    (a) were (b) was (c) is (d) has

13. The cat will not come out because she ________.

    (a) fears too much (b) is afraid (c) fears (d) frightens

14. Many tourists don’t seem to ________ the rainy weather.

    (a) experience (b) sense (c) enjoy (d) live on

15. We were expecting some parcels, but they ________ not arrive.

    (a) does (b) have (c) had (d) did

16. When we opened the gate, our cat ________ to meet us.

    (a) ran (b) run (c) runs (d) has run

17. The teacher made the boy ________ the classroom.

    (a) cleaned it (b) to clean it (c) clean it (d) to have cleaned it

18. “Has your brother arrived?” “Yes, he ________.”

    (a) has (b) had (c) should be (d) isn’t

19. “Have you any extra pen?” “No, I ________.”

    (a) have (b) no have (c) have no (d) haven’t

20. I hope you didn’t face any trouble ________ the address.

    (a) in finding (b) for finding (c) to finding (d) with find

21. Would you ________ to stay in Karachi?

    (a) like (b) liked (c) have liked (d) have been liking

22. The sun ________ in the East.

    (a) rise (b) rises (c) rising (d) had risen

23. Can you tell me who ________ the window?

    (a) has broke (b) has break (c) has braked (d) has broken

24. She behaves as if she ________ the manager.

    (a) were (b) was (c) is (d) has been

25. The boys ________ in the garden now.

    (a) play (b) have played (c) have been playing (d) are playing

26. She always ________ tea before starting her work.

    (a) take (b) takes (c) is taking (d) taken

27. The River Nile ________ into the Mediterranean Sea.

    (a) is flowing (b) flew (c) flowed (d) flows

28. Listen! Someone ________ at the door.

    (a) knocked (b) has knocked (c) is knocking (d) knocks

29. I didn’t see you last week. Where ________?

    (a) you went (b) had you gone (c) have you gone (d) did you go

30. Amna ________ to London in 2015.

    (a) has gone (b) went (c) had gone (d) goes

31. I have ________ your friend in the market.

    (a) just met (b) just meet (c) just meeting (d) just meets

32. I ________ a shower when the doorbell rang.

    (a) were taking (b) was having (c) took (d) have been taking

33. I called Zain on mobile at 2:00, but he ________ the building.

    (a) has already left (b) is already left (c) left (d) had already left

34. When he arrived at the counter, he ________ for the manager.

    (a) asked (b) had asked (c) was asking (d) asks

35. I can’t join you. I ________ my mother.

    (a) have helped (b) help (c) am helping (d) helped

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ANSWERS KEY

1. (d) would have kept

2. (d) study

3. (a) will

4. (c) leave

5. (c) nor wept

6. (a) might catch

7. (c) practice

8. (b) began

9. (d) never discovered

10. (c) thought

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Use of Conjunctions
Rules for Using Conjunctions

Definition of Conjunction
Conjunctions are linking words that connect individual words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.

There are four primary categories of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

2. Correlative Conjunctions

3. Subordinating Conjunctions

4. Conjunctive Adverbs

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1. Coordinating Conjunctions

   Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements such as words, phrases, or independent clauses. They join ideas of equal importance.

Examples:
This is a short and sweet summary of the event. (Adjectives joined by “and”)
Bilal and Hamza are class fellows. (Nouns joined by “and”)

FANBOYS (Memory Rule)
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

For: She decided to stay indoors, for the weather was extremely cold.
And: Kamran loves cricket, and he also likes swimming.
Nor: Asif does not watch movies, nor does he read novels.
But: Zainab drove fast, but the train had already left.
Or: We can eat at home, or we can go to a restaurant.
Yet: He studied hard, yet he failed the test.
So: She worked hard, so she passed the exam.

Rule for Comma
A comma is used before coordinating conjunctions only when they join two independent clauses.

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2. Correlative Conjunctions

   Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to join equal grammatical structures.

Examples:
Both Amna and Iqra passed the exam.
He not only cooked but also cleaned.

Common Pairs:
both…and
not only…but also
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
just as…so

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3. Subordinating Conjunctions

   Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause with a main clause and show time, reason, condition, contrast, etc.

Memory Rule: WABBITS
when, where, while, after, before, because, if, though, since

When: When the bell rang, the students left.
After: After finishing work, he went home.
Because: Because it was raining, the match was canceled.
Before: Before leaving, read the instructions.
If: If you work hard, you will succeed.
Though: Though he is rich, he is simple.
Since: Since she moved here, she is happy.

Rule for Comma
If the subordinate clause comes first, use a comma. If it comes later, no comma is needed.

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4. Conjunctive Adverbs

   Conjunctive adverbs connect two independent sentences and show relationship between ideas.

Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, nevertheless, otherwise, meanwhile, thus, besides, finally, also, instead

Examples:
He was tired; however, he continued working.
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.
It was raining; nevertheless, they went out.

Special Note
Conjunctive adverbs can move within the second clause to change emphasis.

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TENSES & VERB FORMS

Definition:
The structured use of different verb forms to show the time and nature of an action is called tense.

There are five basic forms of a verb used in English grammar.

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Classification Table of Verb Forms

Base Form (V1)	-s / -es Form (Present Singular)	Past Form (V2)	Past Participle (V3)	Continuous Form (V1 + ing)
do	does	did	done	doing
take	takes	took	taken	taking
write	writes	wrote	written	writing
have	has	had	had	having
be	is / am / are	was / were	been	being

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Morphological Synthesis: Mastery of Prefixes & Suffixes

Definition of Affixes

Term	Definition
Prefixes	Structural units added to the beginning of a root word
Suffixes	Structural units attached to the end of a root word

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Part 1: Morphological Transformations

1. Verb Formation

Pattern	Example	Context
Noun/Adjective + -ize	global → globalize	We need to digitalize this office
	equal → equalize	—
	digital → digitalize	—
Noun/Adjective + -ify	class → classify	They simplify the concept
	solid → solidify	—
	simple → simplify	—

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2. Adverb Formation

Pattern	Example	Context
Adjective + -ly	rapid → rapidly	He progressed rapidly
	cautious → cautiously	She walked cautiously

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3. Noun Formation

(a) Verb + -er (Agent Noun)

Verb	Noun	Context
teach	teacher	Sarah is a teacher
build	builder	—
design	designer	She is a designer

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(b) Verb + -ment

Verb	Noun	Context
enjoy	enjoyment	His investment was careful
invest	investment	—
appoint	appointment	—

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(c) Verb + -ation

Verb	Noun	Context
inspire	inspiration	Authority gave confirmation
confirm	confirmation	—
declare	declaration	—

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(d) Adjective + -ity / -ty

Adjective	Noun	Context
pure	purity	I dislike rigidity
rigid	rigidity	—

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(e) Adjective + -ness

Adjective	Noun
kind	kindness
aware	awareness

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4. Adjective Formation

Pattern	Example	Context
Noun + -y	cloud → cloudy	It is a cloudy sky
Noun + -ic	history → historic	—
Noun + -ful	grace → graceful	—
Noun + -less	flaw → flawless	—
Verb + -able	read → readable	This seat is adjustable

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Part 2: Prefix Classification

Antonym Forming Prefixes

Prefix	Example	Meaning
un-	uncommon	not common
in-	inaccurate	not accurate
im-	imperfect	not perfect
ir-	irresponsible	not responsible
de-	destabilize	reverse
dis-	disobey	opposite

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Classification of Prefixes

Category	Prefixes	Examples
Negative	un-, in-, dis-, non-	unjust, invalid
Removal	de-, dis-, un-	decompress, unlock
Wrong	mis-, mal-	miscalculate
Degree	super-, over-, under-, mini-	superstructure
Attitude	co-, anti-, pro-	coauthor
Location	sub-, inter-, trans-	international
Time	pre-, post-, re-	pretest

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Classification of Suffixes

Category	Suffixes	Examples
Occupation	-er, -or, -ist	teacher, journalist
Status	-hood, -ship, -dom	childhood, freedom
Abstract	-ment, -ness, -ity	movement, honesty
Verb forms	-ify, -ize, -en	modernize, strengthen
Adjectives	-able, -ful, -less	readable, harmless
Adverbs	-ly	quickly

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Part 3: Student Evaluation

Exercise 1: Noun Derivation (Roots)

Word	Root Answer
participant	participate
consultant	consult
nominee	nominate
payee	pay
hostess	host
researcher	research
politician	politics
therapist	therapy
creator	create

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Task B: Agent Nouns

Sentence Word	Answer
inspect → inspector	inspector
history → historian	historian
act → actor	actor
advise → advisor	advisor
violin → violinist	violinist
interview → interviewee	interviewee

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Task C: Abstract Nouns (Roots)

Noun	Root
denial	deny
assistance	assist
efficiency	efficient
wisdom	wise
residence	reside
likelihood	likely
selection	select
improvement	improve
weakness	weak
citizenship	citizen

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Exercise 2: Verb Formation

Base Word	Verb
soft	soften
terror	terrorize
visual	visualize
code	codify
sharp	sharpen
identity	identify
dense	densify
example	exemplify