Use of “It” and “There” 

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1. Introductory “It”

Definition:
“It” is used to talk about time, weather, distance, temperature, and natural events.
“it” وقت، موسم، فاصلے، درجہ حرارت اور قدرتی حالات بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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Identification:
We use “it” when the sentence shows:

• time

• weather

• distance

• temperature

• natural condition

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Examples:

• It is seven o’clock.

• It is raining.

• It was very cold yesterday.

• It is very hot today.

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Negative Sentences:

• It is not raining today.

• It was not very cold yesterday.

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Interrogative Sentences:

• Is it raining?

• Is it seven o’clock?

• Was it cold yesterday?

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Negative Interrogative:

• Is it not raining today?

• Was it not cold yesterday?

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2. Introductory “There”

Definition:
“There” is used to show the existence of people or things.
“there” کسی چیز یا شخص کے موجود ہونے یا نہ ہونے کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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Identification:
We use “there” when the sentence shows:

• existence of something

• is / are / was / were + noun

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Examples:

• There are ten boys in the classroom.

• There is a book on the table.

• There were many flowers in the garden.

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Negative Sentences:

• There is no book on the table.

• There are no students in the room.

• There were no flowers in the garden.

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Interrogative Sentences:

• Is there a book on the table?

• Are there any students in the class?

• Were there flowers in the garden?

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Negative Interrogative:

• Is there not a book on the table?

• Are there not any students in the class?

• Were there not flowers in the garden?

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Important Trick

• If it is about time, weather, distance → use IT

• If it is about existence (exist/available) → use THERE

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Use of Is, Am, Are, Was, and Were

Introduction

The verbs “is, am, are, was, and were” are called “be verbs.” They are used to describe a person, thing, place, condition, age, profession, feeling, or state.

“Is, Am, Are, Was, Were” کو “Be Verbs” کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کسی شخص، چیز، جگہ، حالت، عمر، پیشے یا کیفیت کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

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Use of “Am”

Definition:

“Am” is used only with the subject “I”.

“Am” صرف Subject “I” کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Structure:

I + am + complement

Examples:

• I am a student.

• I am happy.

• I am at home.

• I am twenty years old.

Negative Sentences:

• I am not a student.

• I am not happy.

• I am not at home.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Am I a student?

• Am I happy?

• Am I at home?

Negative Interrogative Sentences:

• Am I not a student?

• Am I not happy?

• Am I not at home?

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Use of “Is”

Definition:

“Is” is used with singular subjects such as He, She, It, and singular nouns.

“Is” واحد (Singular) Subjects جیسے He, She, It اور واحد اسماء کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Structure:

Subject + is + complement

Examples:

• He is a doctor.

• She is intelligent.

• It is a beautiful day.

• Ali is my friend.

Negative Sentences:

• He is not a doctor.

• She is not intelligent.

• It is not a beautiful day.

• Ali is not my friend.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Is he a doctor?

• Is she intelligent?

• Is it a beautiful day?

• Is Ali your friend?

Negative Interrogative Sentences:

• Is he not a doctor?

• Is she not intelligent?

• Is it not a beautiful day?

• Is Ali not your friend?

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Use of “Are”

Definition:

“Are” is used with plural subjects and with “You”.

“Are” جمع (Plural) Subjects اور “You” کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Structure:

Subject + are + complement

Examples:

• You are my friend.

• We are ready.

• They are students.

• The boys are playing.

Negative Sentences:

• You are not my friend.

• We are not ready.

• They are not students.

• The boys are not playing.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Are you my friend?

• Are we ready?

• Are they students?

• Are the boys playing?

Negative Interrogative Sentences:

• Are you not my friend?

• Are we not ready?

• Are they not students?

• Are the boys not playing?

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Use of “Was”

Definition:

“Was” is the past form of “is” and “am”. It is used with singular subjects.

“Was”، “Is” اور “Am” کی Past Form ہے اور Singular Subjects کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Structure:

Subject + was + complement

Examples:

• I was tired.

• He was absent.

• She was at school.

• The car was expensive.

Negative Sentences:

• I was not tired.

• He was not absent.

• She was not at school.

• The car was not expensive.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Was I tired?

• Was he absent?

• Was she at school?

• Was the car expensive?

Negative Interrogative Sentences:

• Was I not tired?

• Was he not absent?

• Was she not at school?

• Was the car not expensive?

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Use of “Were”

Definition:

“Were” is the past form of “are”. It is used with plural subjects and “You”.

“Were”، “Are” کی Past Form ہے اور Plural Subjects اور “You” کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Structure:

Subject + were + complement

Examples:

• You were late.

• We were busy.

• They were happy.

• The girls were in the library.

Negative Sentences:

• You were not late.

• We were not busy.

• They were not happy.

• The girls were not in the library.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Were you late?

• Were we busy?

• Were they happy?

• Were the girls in the library?

Negative Interrogative Sentences:

• Were you not late?

• Were we not busy?

• Were they not happy?

• Were the girls not in the library?

Subject	Present	Past
I	Am	Was
He	Is	Was
She	Is	Was
It	Is	Was
Singular Noun	Is	Was
You	Are	Were
We	Are	Were
They	Are	Were
Plural Noun	Are	Were

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Formula

Affirmative:
Subject + Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Complement

Negative:
Subject + Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Not + Complement

Interrogative:
Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Subject + Complement?

Negative Interrogative:
Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Subject + Not + Complement?

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Tenses (زمانے) 

Tenses are forms of a verb that show the time of an action or event. They tell us whether something happens in the past, present, or future.

Tenses (زمانے) فعل کی وہ شکلیں ہیں جو کسی کام یا عمل کے وقت کو ظاہر کرتی ہیں۔ یہ بتاتے ہیں کہ کوئی کام ماضی (Past)، حال (Present) یا مستقبل (Future) میں ہوا ہے یا ہوگا۔

12 Tenses Complete Table

Present Tense (زمانۂ حال)

Simple Present Tense (Present Indefinite)

Definition :
Simple Present Tense is used to express habits, routines, general truths, permanent situations, and fixed schedules.

تعریف:
Simple Present Tense ایسے کاموں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو روزمرہ عادت، مستقل حقیقت، عمومی سچائی یا مقررہ شیڈول کے مطابق ہوتے ہیں۔

پہچان:
تا ہے، تی ہے، تے ہیں / فعل کی پہلی شکل (1st form)

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1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive)

Structure:
Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object

Examples:

I go to school every day.

She drinks tea in the morning.

They play cricket on Sunday.

The sun rises in the east.

We work in an office.

Important Rule for He, She, It & Singular Nouns

With He, She, It and any Singular Noun, we use the First Form of Verb + s/es.

He, She, It اور تمام واحد (Singular) اسماء کے ساتھ فعل کی پہلی فارم کے آخر میں s یا es لگایا جاتا ہے۔

Note: With He, She, It and Singular Nouns, add “s” to most verbs. However, if a verb ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, or z, add “es” instead.

اردو: He, She, It اور Singular Nouns کے ساتھ عام طور پر فعل کے آخر میں s لگایا جاتا ہے، لیکن اگر فعل s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, یا z پر ختم ہو تو es لگایا جاتا ہے۔

Examples

• He plays cricket.

• She reads a book.

• It works properly.

• Ali goes to school.

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Use of “s” and “es”

1. Addition of “s”

For most verbs, add s.

Examples

• Play → Plays

• Read → Reads

• Eat → Eats

• Write → Writes

• Run → Runs

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2. Addition of “es”

Add es when the verb ends in:

• s

• ss

• sh

• ch

• x

• o

• z

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2. Negative Sentences

Structure:
Subject + do/does + not + Verb (1st Form) + Object

Rule

• I, We, You, They → do not (don’t)

• He, She, It, Singular Noun → does not (doesn’t)

Examples:

I do not go to school on Sunday.

She does not drink coffee.

They do not play cricket every day.

He does not like spicy food.

We do not waste time.

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3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Structure:
Do/Does + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Examples:

Do you go to school daily?

Does she speak English?

Do they play football?

Does he work in an office?

Do we need permission?

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4. Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structure:
Do/Does + Subject + not + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

OR

Don’t/Doesn’t + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Examples:

Do you not go to school?

Does she not like tea?

Do they not play cricket?

Does he not understand English?

Don’t you study at night?

Doesn’t he come to class regularly?

Contracted Form

• Don’t you play cricket?

• Doesn’t he play cricket?

• Doesn’t she go to school?

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5. WH Questions (Why, What, When, Where, Who, How)

Structure:
WH Word + do/does + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Examples:

Why do you go to school?

What do you want?

When does she come home?

Where do they live?

Who does he call every day?

How do you learn English?

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Important Tips

Affirmative = Subject + V1

Negative = do/does + not + V1

Interrogative = Do/Does + Subject + V1

WH Questions = WH + Do/Does + Subject + V1

Negative Interrogative = Do/Does + Subject + not + V1

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2. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense (زمانۂ حال جاری)

Definition 
Present Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that are happening at the time of speaking or planned future actions.

تعریف:
Present Continuous Tense اُن کاموں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو اس وقت جاری ہوں یا مستقبل کے طے شدہ منصوبے ہوں۔

پہچان:
رہا ہے، رہی ہے، رہے ہیں

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1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive)

Structure:
Subject + is/am/are + Verb (ing) + Object

Examples:

I am reading a book.

She is writing a letter.

They are playing cricket.

He is watching TV.

We are going to school.

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2. Negative Sentences

Structure:
Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb (ing) + Object

Examples:

I am not reading a book.

She is not writing a letter.

They are not playing cricket.

He is not watching TV.

We are not going to school.

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3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Structure:
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

Examples:

Am I reading a book?

Is she writing a letter?

Are they playing cricket?

Is he watching TV?

Are we going to school?

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4. Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structure:
Is/Am/Are + Subject + not + Verb (ing) + Object?

OR

Isn’t/Am I not/Aren’t + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

Examples:

Am I not reading a book?

Is she not writing a letter?

Are they not playing cricket?

Is he not watching TV?

Are we not going to school?

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5. WH Questions (Why, What, When, Where, Who, How)

Structure:
WH Word + is/am/are + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

Examples:

Why are you going to school?

What are you doing?

When is she coming?

Where are they going?

Who is he meeting?

How are you learning English?

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Important Tips

Affirmative = Subject + is/am/are + V-ing

Negative = is/am/are + not + V-ing

Interrogative = is/am/are + Subject + V-ing

WH Questions = WH + is/am/are + Subject + V-ing

Negative Interrogative = is/am/are + Subject + not + V-ing

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3. Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense (زمانۂ حال مکمل)

Definition :
Present Perfect Tense is used to describe actions that have just been completed or actions whose result is still connected to the present.

تعریف:
Present Perfect Tense اُن کاموں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ابھی ابھی مکمل ہوئے ہوں یا جن کا اثر موجودہ وقت میں موجود ہو۔

پہچان:
چکا ہے، چکی ہے، چکے ہیں / یا حال میں مکمل ہونے والا کام

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1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive)

Structure:
Subject + has/have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

Examples:

I have completed my homework.

She has written a letter.

They have finished the work.

He has eaten his lunch.

We have reached the station.

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2. Negative Sentences

Structure:
Subject + has/have + not + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

Examples:

I have not completed my homework.

She has not written a letter.

They have not finished the work.

He has not eaten his lunch.

We have not reached the station.

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3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Structure:
Has/Have + Subject + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Examples:

Have I completed my homework?

Has she written a letter?

Have they finished the work?

Has he eaten his lunch?

Have we reached the station?

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4. Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structure:
Has/Have + Subject + not + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

OR

Hasn’t/ Haven’t + Subject + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Examples:

Have I not completed my homework?

Has she not written a letter?

Have they not finished the work?

Has he not eaten his lunch?

Have we not reached the station?

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5. WH Questions (Why, What, When, Where, Who, How)

Structure:
WH Word + has/have + Subject + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Examples:

Why have you done this?

What have you eaten?

When has she arrived?

Where have they gone?

Who has broken the glass?

How have you solved the problem?

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Important Tips

Affirmative = Subject + has/have + V3

Negative = has/have + not + V3

Interrogative = has/have + Subject + V3

WH Questions = WH + has/have + Subject + V3

Negative Interrogative = has/have + Subject + not + V3

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4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense (زمانۂ حال مکمل جاری)

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Definition:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing in the present or have recently stopped but their effect is still visible.

تعریف:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense اُن کاموں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی میں شروع ہوئے اور اب تک جاری ہیں یا ابھی ابھی رکے ہیں لیکن ان کا اثر موجودہ وقت میں موجود ہے۔

پہچان:
رہا ہے، رہی ہے، رہے ہیں + وقت کی مدت (since/for)

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1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive)

Structure:
Subject + has/have + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for

Examples:

I have been studying for two hours.

She has been reading since morning.

They have been playing cricket for three hours.

He has been working since Monday.

We have been waiting for the bus for a long time.

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2. Negative Sentences

Structure:
Subject + has/have + not + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for

Examples:

I have not been studying for two hours.

She has not been reading since morning.

They have not been playing cricket for three hours.

He has not been working since Monday.

We have not been waiting for the bus for a long time.

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3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Structure:
Has/Have + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Examples:

Have I been studying for two hours?

Has she been reading since morning?

Have they been playing cricket for three hours?

Has he been working since Monday?

Have we been waiting for the bus for a long time?

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4. Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structure:
Has/Have + Subject + not + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

OR

Haven’t/Hasn’t + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Examples:

Have I not been studying for two hours?

Has she not been reading since morning?

Have they not been playing cricket for three hours?

Has he not been working since Monday?

Have we not been waiting for the bus for a long time?

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5. WH Questions (Why, What, When, Where, Who, How)

Structure:
WH Word + has/have + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Examples:

Why have you been studying for two hours?

What have you been doing since morning?

When has she been working here?

Where have they been living all these years?

Who has been calling you since morning?

How have you been managing your work?

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Important Tips

Affirmative = Subject + has/have + been + V-ing

Negative = has/have + not + been + V-ing

Interrogative = has/have + Subject + been + V-ing

WH Questions = WH + has/have + Subject + been + V-ing

Negative Interrogative = has/have + Subject + not + been + V-ing

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Note About Since and For

Since:
وقت کے کسی خاص نقطے (Point of Time) کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
since 2020

since Monday

since morning

For:
وقت کی مدت (Period of Time) کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
for two hours

for five years

for a week

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Some More Examples of Present Tenses

1. Simple Present Tense (Present Indefinite)

Examples:

I read books every day.

She goes to school regularly.

They play cricket in the evening.

We watch television at night.

He drinks milk every morning.

I go to school daily.

She drinks tea every morning.

They play cricket in the evening.

We live in Karachi.

He reads books at night.

The sun rises in the east.

Water boils at 100°C.

The teacher explains the lesson clearly.

The company produces high-quality products.

Honest people always speak the truth.

The management reviews the company’s performance every month.

A responsible citizen obeys the laws of the country.

The train arrives at the station at 7:00 a.m.

The earth revolves around the sun.

The committee meets once every quarter to discuss policy matters.

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2. Present Continuous Tense

Examples:

I am doing my homework.

She is washing clothes.

They are playing football.

We are watching a movie.

He is eating lunch.

I am reading a book.

She is cooking dinner.

They are playing football.

We are going to school.

He is watching TV.

The students are preparing for exams.

The engineers are working on the project.

She is delivering a speech.

They are building a new bridge.

The company is expanding its business.

The researchers are conducting a detailed investigation.

The government is implementing new economic policies.

She is preparing a presentation for tomorrow’s meeting.

The students are participating in an inter-university competition.

Many companies are investing in renewable energy projects.

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3. Present Perfect Tense

 Examples:

I have finished my homework.

She has cleaned her room.

They have won the match.

We have completed the task.

He has eaten his lunch.

I have finished my homework.

She has written a letter.

They have eaten lunch.

We have reached home.

He has cleaned his room.

The company has achieved its target.

She has completed her degree.

They have won the match.

The government has launched a new program.

Scientists have discovered a new fact.

The company has achieved remarkable growth this year.

Scientists have discovered a new species of marine life.

She has successfully completed her research project.

The government has introduced several educational reforms.

They have established strong business relations with foreign partners.

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4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Examples:

I have been studying for two hours.

She has been cooking since morning.

They have been playing cricket for three hours.

We have been waiting for the bus since 8 o’clock.

He has been working all day.

I have been studying for two hours.

She has been waiting since morning.

They have been playing cricket for three hours.

We have been working all day.

He has been sleeping for a long time.

The researchers have been studying this topic for years.

She has been preparing for exams since January.

The company has been growing rapidly for five years.

They have been working on this project for months.

Scientists have been researching climate change for decades.

The researchers have been analyzing the data for several months.

She has been preparing for the competitive examination since January.

The organization has been serving the community for more than twenty years.

The company has been expanding its operations across the country.

Scientists have been working on this project for a decade.

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Mixed Practice Examples

He goes to the gym every day.

She is writing an important report.

They have completed the assignment.

We have been learning English for five years.

The teacher explains the lesson clearly.

The children are enjoying the picnic.

The government has launched a new development program.

The engineers have been working on the bridge since last year.

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Important Tips:

Simple Present = Habit / Routine / Fact

Present Continuous = Action Happening Now

Present Perfect = Completed Action with Present Result

Present Perfect Continuous = Action Started in Past and Still Continuing Now

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Future Tense (زمانۂ مستقبل)

Definition :
Future Tense is used to describe actions, events, or situations that will happen in the future.

تعریف :
Future Tense ایسے کام، واقعات یا حالات کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو مستقبل میں ہوں گے۔

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1. Simple Future Tense

Definition :
Future Tense is used to describe actions that will happen in the future.

تعریف:
Future Tense اُن کاموں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو مستقبل میں ہوں گے۔

(پہچان):
گا، گی، گے

Structure:
Subject + will/shall + Verb (1st Form) + Object

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Affirmative (Positive):
I will go to school tomorrow.

She will help her friend.

They will play cricket next Sunday.

We shall attend the meeting.

He will buy a new car.

I will visit my friend tomorrow.

She will help her mother.

They will play cricket next Sunday.

We shall attend the meeting.

He will buy a new car.

The company will launch a new product next year.

The government will introduce new educational policies.

She will complete her research project soon.

The committee will announce its decision tomorrow.

Scientists will develop more advanced technologies in the future.

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Negative:
Subject + will/shall + not + Verb (1st Form) + Object

I will not go to school tomorrow.

She will not help her friend.

They will not play cricket next Sunday.

We shall not attend the meeting.

He will not buy a new car.

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Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Will I go to school tomorrow?

Will she help her friend?

Will they play cricket next Sunday?

Shall we attend the meeting?

Will he buy a new car?

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Negative Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + not + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

OR

Won’t/Shan’t + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Will I not go to school tomorrow?

Will she not help her friend?

Will they not play cricket next Sunday?

Shall we not attend the meeting?

Won’t he buy a new car?

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2. Future Continuous Tense

Definition:
Future Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.

تعریف :
Future Continuous Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو مستقبل کے کسی خاص وقت میں جاری ہوگا۔

پہچان:
رہا ہوگا، رہی ہوگی، رہے ہوں گے

Structure:
Subject + will/shall be + Verb (ing) + Object

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Affirmative:
I will be studying at this time tomorrow.

She will be cooking dinner in the evening.

They will be playing cricket after school.

We shall be traveling next week.

He will be sleeping at midnight.

I will be studying at this time tomorrow.

She will be cooking dinner in the evening.

They will be playing cricket after school.

We shall be traveling next week.

He will be sleeping at midnight.

The students will be preparing for their examinations next month.

The engineers will be working on the project throughout the week.

She will be delivering a presentation at the conference.

The researchers will be conducting experiments in the laboratory.

The company will be expanding its operations next year.

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Negative:
Subject + will/shall not + be + Verb (ing) + Object

I will not be studying at this time tomorrow.

She will not be cooking dinner in the evening.

They will not be playing cricket after school.

We shall not be traveling next week.

He will not be sleeping at midnight.

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Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + be + Verb (ing) + Object?

Will I be studying at this time tomorrow?

Will she be cooking dinner in the evening?

Will they be playing cricket after school?

Shall we be traveling next week?

Will he be sleeping at midnight?

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Negative Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + not + be + Verb (ing) + Object?

Will I not be studying at this time tomorrow?

Will she not be cooking dinner in the evening?

Will they not be playing cricket after school?

Shall we not be traveling next week?

Will he not be sleeping at midnight?

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3. Future Perfect Tense

Definition:
Future Perfect Tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific time or event in the future.

تعریف :
Future Perfect Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو مستقبل میں کسی خاص وقت یا واقعے سے پہلے مکمل ہو چکا ہوگا۔

پہچان:
چکا ہوگا، چکی ہوگی، چکے ہوں گے

Structure:
Subject + will/shall have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

Structure:
Subject + will/shall have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

────────────────────────────

Affirmative:
I will have completed my work by evening.

She will have written the letter.

They will have finished the project.

We shall have reached Karachi by night.

He will have left before you arrive.

I will have finished my homework by evening.

She will have cleaned her room before noon.

They will have completed the project by Friday.

We shall have reached Lahore by night.

He will have gone to bed before midnight.

The company will have achieved its annual target by December.

The researchers will have completed the study before publishing the report.

She will have earned her degree by next year.

The government will have completed several development projects by then.

The committee will have finalized the policy before the meeting begins.

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Negative:
Subject + will/shall not + have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

I will not have completed my work by evening.

She will not have written the letter.

They will not have finished the project.

We shall not have reached Karachi by night.

He will not have left before you arrive.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Will I have completed my work by evening?

Will she have written the letter?

Will they have finished the project?

Shall we have reached Karachi by night?

Will he have left before you arrive?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + not + have + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Will I not have completed my work by evening?

Will she not have written the letter?

Will they not have finished the project?

Shall we not have reached Karachi by night?

Will he not have left before you arrive?

────────────────────────────

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Definition:
Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that will have been continuing for a specific period before a certain time in the future.

تعریف :
Future Perfect Continuous Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو مستقبل میں کسی خاص وقت تک ایک مخصوص مدت سے جاری ہوگا۔

Pehchan (پہچان):
رہا ہوگا، رہی ہوگی، رہے ہوں گے + مدتِ وقت

Structure:
Subject + will/shall have been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for

────────────────────────────

Affirmative:
I will have been studying for two hours by noon.

She will have been waiting since morning.

They will have been playing cricket for three hours.

We shall have been working for five hours.

He will have been sleeping for a long time.

I will have been studying for three hours by noon.

She will have been waiting for two hours when we arrive.

They will have been playing cricket since morning.

We shall have been working for five hours by then.

He will have been sleeping for eight hours by midnight.

The researchers will have been analyzing the data for several months before publishing their findings.

She will have been preparing for the examination for a year by next June.

The company will have been operating in the market for twenty years by 2030.

The engineers will have been working on the project for several months before its completion.

Scientists will have been studying the phenomenon for decades by the end of this century.

────────────────────────────

Negative:
Subject + will/shall not + have been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for

I will not have been studying for two hours by noon.

She will not have been waiting since morning.

They will not have been playing cricket for three hours.

We shall not have been working for five hours.

He will not have been sleeping for a long time.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + have been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Will I have been studying for two hours by noon?

Will she have been waiting since morning?

Will they have been playing cricket for three hours?

Shall we have been working for five hours?

Will he have been sleeping for a long time?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Will/Shall + Subject + not + have been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Will I not have been studying for two hours by noon?

Will she not have been waiting since morning?

Will they not have been playing cricket for three hours?

Shall we not have been working for five hours?

Will he not have been sleeping for a long time?

────────────────────────────

Usefull Tips:

Simple Future = will/shall + V1
Future Continuous = will/shall be + V-ing
Future Perfect = will/shall have + V3
Future Perfect Continuous = will/shall have been + V-ing

Important Tips:

Simple Future = Future Action

Future Continuous = Action in Progress in the Future

Future Perfect = Completed Before a Future Time

Future Perfect Continuous = Continuing Action Up to a Future Time

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Past Tense (زمانۂ ماضی)

Definition :
Past Tense is used to describe actions, events, situations, or states that happened and ended in the past.

تعریف :
Past Tense ایسے کام، واقعات یا حالات کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی میں وقوع پذیر ہوئے اور مکمل ہو گئے۔

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1. Simple Past Tense

Definition:
Simple Past Tense is used to express an action that happened and finished in the past. It is also used for past habits and completed events.

تعریف :
Simple Past Tense ایسے کاموں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے جو ماضی میں ہوئے اور مکمل ہو گئے۔ یہ ماضی کی عادات اور مکمل واقعات کو بھی ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

پہچان:
تھا، تھی، تھے، یا فعل کی دوسری شکل

Structure:
Subject + Verb (2nd Form) + Object

Definition :
Past Tense is used to describe actions, events, or situations that happened and finished in the past.

 (اردو):
Past Tense اُن کاموں، واقعات یا حالات کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی میں ہوئے اور مکمل ہو گئے۔

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1. Simple Past Tense

پہچان:
تھا، تھی، تھے / یا فعل کی دوسری شکل (2nd form)

Structure:
Subject + Verb (2nd Form) + Object

────────────────────────────

Affirmative:
I went to school yesterday.

She wrote a letter.

They played cricket.

We visited Karachi last year.

He bought a car.

I visited my friend yesterday.

She cleaned her room.

They played football last Sunday.

We watched a movie last night.

He bought a new bicycle.

Advanced Examples:

The committee approved the proposal after detailed discussion.

The scientist discovered an important fact during the experiment.

She completed her research project successfully.

The company launched a new product last year.

The government introduced several reforms in the education sector.

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Negative:
Subject + did not + Verb (1st Form) + Object

I did not go to school yesterday.

She did not write a letter.

They did not play cricket.

We did not visit Karachi last year.

He did not buy a car.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Did + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Did I go to school yesterday?

Did she write a letter?

Did they play cricket?

Did we visit Karachi last year?

Did he buy a car?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Did + Subject + not + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

OR

Didn’t + Subject + Verb (1st Form) + Object?

Did I not go to school yesterday?

Did she not write a letter?

Did they not play cricket?

Didn’t we visit Karachi last year?

Didn’t he buy a car?

────────────────────────────

2. Past Continuous Tense

Definition:
Past Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.

تعریف:
Past Continuous Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی کے کسی خاص وقت میں جاری تھا۔

پہچان:
رہا تھا، رہی تھی، رہے تھے

Structure:
Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object

Affirmative:
I was reading a book.

She was cooking dinner.

They were playing cricket.

We were watching TV.

He was sleeping when I called him.

I was reading a book.

She was cooking dinner.

They were playing cricket.

We were watching television.

He was sleeping when I called him.

The students were preparing for their examinations.

The engineers were working on the project throughout the night.

She was delivering a presentation when the power failed.

The researchers were collecting data from different regions.

The children were enjoying the cultural festival.

────────────────────────────

Negative:
Subject + was/were + not + Verb (ing) + Object

I was not reading a book.

She was not cooking dinner.

They were not playing cricket.

We were not watching TV.

He was not sleeping when I called him.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Was/Were + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

Was I reading a book?

Was she cooking dinner?

Were they playing cricket?

Were we watching TV?

Was he sleeping when I called him?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Was/Were + Subject + not + Verb (ing) + Object?

OR

Wasn’t/Weren’t + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

Was I not reading a book?

Was she not cooking dinner?

Were they not playing cricket?

Was he not sleeping when I called him?

Weren’t we watching TV?

────────────────────────────

3. Past Perfect Tense

Definition:
Past Perfect Tense is used for an action that had already been completed before another action occurred in the past.

تعریف:
Past Perfect Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی میں کسی دوسرے کام سے پہلے مکمل ہو چکا تھا۔

پہچان:
چکا تھا، چکی تھی، چکے تھے

Structure:
Subject + had + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

Structure:
Subject + had + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

────────────────────────────

Affirmative:
I had finished my work.

She had written a letter.

They had left the station.

We had reached home.

He had eaten his food.

I had finished my homework before dinner.

She had left before I arrived.

They had completed the task.

We had reached the station before the train arrived.

He had gone to bed before midnight.

The train had departed before we reached the station.

The patient had died before the doctor arrived.

The company had achieved its target before the end of the year.

The committee had finalized the report before the meeting.

She had completed her degree before starting her job.

────────────────────────────

Negative:
Subject + had not + Verb (3rd Form) + Object

I had not finished my work.

She had not written a letter.

They had not left the station.

We had not reached home.

He had not eaten his food.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Had + Subject + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Had I finished my work?

Had she written a letter?

Had they left the station?

Had we reached home?

Had he eaten his food?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Had + Subject + not + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

OR

Hadn’t + Subject + Verb (3rd Form) + Object?

Had I not finished my work?

Had she not written a letter?

Had they not left the station?

Had we not reached home?

Had he not eaten his food?

────────────────────────────

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Definition (English):
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that had been continuing for a period of time before another action or point in the past.

تعریف (اردو):
Past Perfect Continuous Tense ایسے کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے جو ماضی میں کسی دوسرے وقت یا واقعے سے پہلے کچھ مدت تک جاری رہا ہو۔

Pehchan (پہچان):
رہا تھا، رہی تھی، رہے تھے + مدتِ وقت

Structure:
Subject + had been + Verb + ing + Object + Since/For

────────────────────────────

Affirmative:
I had been studying for two hours.

She had been waiting since morning.

They had been playing cricket for three hours.

We had been working all day.

He had been sleeping for a long time.

I had been studying for two hours before my friend arrived.

She had been waiting for the bus for thirty minutes.

They had been playing cricket since morning.

We had been working for several hours.

He had been sleeping for a long time.

The researchers had been conducting experiments for several months before publishing the results.

She had been preparing for the examination for a year before appearing in it.

The company had been operating successfully for decades before expanding internationally.

The workers had been repairing the road for weeks before the project was completed.

The scientists had been studying climate change for many years before presenting their findings.

────────────────────────────

Negative:
Subject + had not been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for

I had not been studying for two hours.

She had not been waiting since morning.

They had not been playing cricket for three hours.

We had not been working all day.

He had not been sleeping for a long time.

────────────────────────────

Interrogative:
Had + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Had I been studying for two hours?

Had she been waiting since morning?

Had they been playing cricket for three hours?

Had we been working all day?

Had he been sleeping for a long time?

────────────────────────────

Negative Interrogative:
Had + Subject + not + been + Verb (ing) + Object + since/for?

Had I not been studying for two hours?

Had she not been waiting since morning?

Had they not been playing cricket for three hours?

Had we not been working all day?

Had he not been sleeping for a long time?

────────────────────────────

Important Tips:

Simple Past = did + V1 / V2
Past Continuous = was/were + V-ing
Past Perfect = had + V3
Past Perfect Continuous = had been + V-ing

────────────────────────────

Important Tips:

Simple Past = Completed Action in the Past

Past Continuous = Action in Progress in the Past

Past Perfect = Completed Before Another Past Action

Past Perfect Continuous = Continuing Action Before Another Past Action

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Additional Examples of Future Tenses

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1. Simple Future Tense

Examples:

I will visit my grandparents tomorrow.

She will help me with my homework.

They will play football next Sunday.

We shall attend the wedding next week.

He will buy a new laptop soon.

The company will expand its business to international markets.

The government will introduce new reforms in the education sector.

She will complete her master’s degree next year.

The committee will announce the final results tomorrow.

Scientists will discover more effective solutions to environmental problems.

────────────────────────────

2. Future Continuous Tense

Examples:

I will be studying at 8 p.m.

She will be cooking dinner this evening.

They will be playing cricket after school.

We shall be traveling to Lahore tomorrow.

He will be sleeping at midnight.

The researchers will be conducting experiments throughout the month.

The students will be preparing for their annual examinations.

She will be delivering a speech at the conference.

The engineers will be working on the construction project next week.

The company will be developing new products for global markets.

────────────────────────────

3. Future Perfect Tense

Examples:

I will have completed my homework by evening.

She will have cleaned the house before noon.

They will have finished the match by sunset.

We shall have reached Karachi by night.

He will have left for the airport before dawn.

The company will have achieved its annual target by December.

The researchers will have completed the study before publishing the report.

She will have earned her degree by next year.

The government will have completed several development projects by then.

The committee will have finalized its recommendations before the meeting begins.

────────────────────────────

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Examples:

I will have been studying for three hours by noon.

She will have been waiting for two hours when we arrive.

They will have been playing cricket since morning.

We shall have been working for five hours by then.

He will have been sleeping for eight hours by midnight.

The researchers will have been analyzing the data for several months before publishing their findings.

She will have been preparing for the examination for a year by next June.

The company will have been operating successfully for twenty years by 2030.

The engineers will have been working on the project for several months before its completion.

Scientists will have been studying climate change for decades by the end of this century.

────────────────────────────

Mixed Practice Examples

I will call you tomorrow.

She will be attending a seminar next week.

They will have completed the assignment by Friday.

We will have been learning English for five years by next month.

The company will launch a new product soon.

The students will be preparing for their examinations.

The government will have completed the project by next year.

The researchers will have been working on this study for several years.

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Errors in the Use of Tenses

The Simple Past vs Present Perfect

Errors in the Use of Tenses

The Present Perfect vs Simple Past

The Present Perfect & Time Expressions

The Past Perfect vs Simple Past

The Simple Past vs Past Perfect

Past Perfect / Continuous vs Simple Past / Continuous

The Simple Future vs Future Perfect