English Grammar & Language Course (Basic to Advanced)

English is a global language used for communication around the world. In Pakistan, it is also used as an official language in government and education.

Urdu:
English ایک بین الاقوامی زبان ہے جو دنیا بھر میں رابطے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ پاکستان میں یہ سرکاری اور تعلیمی زبان کے طور پر بھی استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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2. English Alphabet System

The English language consists of 26 letters (alphabets).

Urdu:
انگریزی زبان میں کل 26 حروف (letters) ہوتے ہیں۔

These letters are divided into two groups:

• Vowels: 5 letters → A, E, I, O, U
• Consonants: 21 letters → باقی تمام حروف

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3. Sound System (Pronunciation Basics)

Letters do not always produce only one fixed sound. Their sound changes in different words.

Urdu:
حروف ہمیشہ ایک ہی آواز نہیں دیتے، مختلف الفاظ میں ان کی آواز بدل سکتی ہے۔

• Consonants can produce about 24 different sounds
• Vowels can produce about 20 different sounds

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4. Syllable (Word Parts)

A syllable is a part of a word that can be pronounced in one sound or one breath.

Urdu:
Syllable لفظ کا وہ حصہ ہوتا ہے جسے ایک آواز یا ایک سانس میں بولا جا سکے۔

Examples:
• Run → 1 syllable
• Category → Cat-e-go-ry (4 syllables)

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5. Rubbish Letters (Non-Meaning Letter Mix)

When letters are combined but do not form any meaningful word, it is called rubbish or meaningless letters combination.

Urdu:
جب حروف مل کر کوئی معنی والا لفظ نہ بنائیں تو اسے rubbish (بے معنی حروف کا مجموعہ) کہتے ہیں۔

Example:
• tqzra

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6. Word (Basic Unit of Meaning)

A word is a group of letters that has meaning and is used for communication.

Urdu:
Word حروف کا وہ مجموعہ ہے جس کا کوئی معنی ہو اور اسے بات چیت میں استعمال کیا جائے۔

Examples:
Apple, Fan, Book, Run, Teacher, Happy

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7. Phrase (Group of Words)

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject and a complete verb together, so it does not give complete meaning on its own.

Urdu:
Phrase الفاظ کا وہ مجموعہ ہوتا ہے جس میں subject اور مکمل verb نہ ہو، اس لیے یہ مکمل معنی نہیں دیتا۔

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Types of Phrases

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1. Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is a group of words that has a noun and its describing words. It works as a noun in a sentence.

Urdu:
Noun phrase وہ ہوتا ہے جس میں noun اور اس کی description ہو اور یہ sentence میں noun کی طرح کام کرے۔

Examples:
• The small brown rabbit
• A glass of cold juice

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2. Verb Phrase

A verb phrase has a main verb with helping verbs.

Urdu:
Verb phrase میں main verb کے ساتھ helping verbs ہوتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• She is doing her homework.
• They have finished the work.

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3. Prepositional Phrase

It starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

Urdu:
Prepositional phrase preposition سے شروع ہوتا ہے اور noun یا pronoun پر ختم ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
• on the table
• after school

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4. Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a group of words that works as an adjective in a sentence. It describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun, telling us what kind, which one, or how many

Urdu:

Adjective Phrase ایسے الفاظ کے مجموعے کو کہتے ہیں جو جملے میں adjective (صفت) کا کام کرے۔ یہ کسی noun یا pronoun کے بارے میں مزید معلومات دیتا ہے، جیسے کہ وہ کیسا ہے، کون سا ہے یا کتنا ہے۔

Examples:

• The boy in the blue shirt is my friend.

  (نیلی قمیض والا لڑکا میرا دوست ہے۔)

• She is a girl full of confidence.

  (وہ اعتماد سے بھرپور لڑکی ہے۔)

• He wore a coat made of wool.

  (اس نے اون سے بنی ہوئی کوٹ پہنی۔)

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5. Adverb Phrase

It tells how, when, where or why something happens.

Urdu:
Adverb phrase بتاتا ہے کہ کام کیسے، کب، کہاں یا کیوں ہوا۔

Examples:
• in a short time
• with great speed

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6. Gerund Phrase

It starts with -ing verb and works as a noun.

Urdu:
Gerund phrase -ing والے verb سے شروع ہوتا ہے اور noun کی طرح کام کرتا ہے۔

Examples:
• Swimming in river
• Reading books

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7. Participle Phrase

It starts with a verb form used as an adjective.

Urdu:
Participle phrase verb کی ایسی شکل ہوتی ہے جو adjective کی طرح کام کرے۔

Examples:
• Scared by noise
• Sitting boy

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8. Infinitive Phrase

It starts with “to + base verb”.

Urdu:
Infinitive phrase “to + verb” سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
• to read books
• to join class

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Clause

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate. It may or may not give complete meaning.

Urdu:
Clause الفاظ کا ایسا مجموعہ ہے جس میں subject اور predicate ہو، یہ مکمل یا نامکمل معنی دے سکتا ہے۔

Examples:
• I know that he is honest.
• People who work hard succeed.

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Types of Clause

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1. Dependent Clause

It does not give complete meaning and cannot stand alone.

Urdu:
Dependent clause مکمل معنی نہیں دیتا اور اکیلا نہیں چل سکتا۔

Examples:
• Because I was tired
• If you work hard
• When she came

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2. Independent Clause

It gives complete meaning and can stand alone.

Urdu:
Independent clause مکمل معنی دیتا ہے اور اکیلا sentence بن سکتا ہے۔

Examples:
• She is reading.
• He went home.
• They are playing.

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Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that gives complete meaning.

Urdu:
Sentence الفاظ کا ایسا مجموعہ ہے جو مکمل معنی دیتا ہے۔

Examples:
• I am going home.
• She is my friend.

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Parts of Sentence

• Subject = who/what
• Predicate = action or information

Urdu:
Subject وہ ہوتا ہے جس کے بارے میں بات ہو رہی ہو، اور predicate وہ ہوتا ہے جو subject کے بارے میں بتایا جائے۔

Examples:
• Ali is reading.
Subject: Ali
Predicate: is reading

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Types of Sentence

1. Simple Sentence

It has one independent clause.

Urdu:
Simple sentence میں صرف ایک مکمل خیال ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
• She reads books.
• I like tea.

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2. Complex Sentence

It has one main clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Urdu:
Complex sentence میں ایک main اور ایک یا زیادہ dependent clauses ہوتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• I stayed home because I was sick.
• If you work hard, you will pass.

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Declarative / Assertive Sentence

A sentence that declares or asserts something is called a declarative or assertive sentence.

Urdu:
وہ جملہ جو کسی بات، حقیقت یا معلومات کو بیان کرے اسے جملہ خبریہ کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:

• The boy in the blue shirt is my friend.

  (نیلی قمیض والا لڑکا میرا دوست ہے۔)

• She is a girl full of confidence.

  (وہ اعتماد سے بھرپور لڑکی ہے۔)

• He wore a coat made of wool.

  (اس نے اون سے بنی ہوئی کوٹ پہنی۔)

• The sun rises in the east.

  (سورج مشرق سے طلوع ہوتا ہے۔)

• They are playing football.

  (وہ فٹبال کھیل رہے ہیں۔)

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Affirmative:

Positive statements.

• We won the match.
• Birds fly in the sky.

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Negative:

Negative statements.

• The sun does not rise in the west.
• I do not like tea.

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Emphatic:

A emphatic structure is used to give special stress or importance to a part of a sentence (such as subject or auxiliary verb) in order to make the meaning stronger or more powerful.

Emphatic وہ جملہ یا ساخت ہوتی ہے جس میں کسی بات پر خاص زور (stress) دیا جاتا ہے تاکہ اس کی اہمیت ظاہر ہو۔

Examples:

• I do want to help you.

• She does know the answer.

• He did finish the work.

• I myself did it.

• It was Ali who won the match.

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Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question.

Urdu:
وہ جملہ جس میں سوال پوچھا جائے۔

• Do you like tea?
• Does he play cricket?

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Imperative Sentence

A sentence that gives command, request, or advice.

Urdu:
وہ جملہ جو حکم، درخواست یا مشورہ دے۔

• Sit down.
• Close the door.
• Please help me.

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Exclamatory Sentence

An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses strong emotion or sudden feeling such as surprise, joy, sorrow, anger, or excitement. It ends with an exclamation mark (!)

جملہ تعجبیہ وہ ہوتا ہے جو شدید جذبات جیسے خوشی، حیرت یا غم کو ظاہر کرے۔

Examples:

• What a beautiful view!

• How lucky you are!

• I am so happy!

• What a shame!

• How amazing this is

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Optative Sentence

A sentence that shows wish or prayer.

Urdu:
وہ جملہ جو دعا یا خواہش ظاہر کرے۔

• May you live long!
• I wish I were rich!
• May Allah bless you!

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Compound Sentence:

A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses. These clauses are joined by coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or sometimes a semicolon (;).

Urdu:
Compound sentence وہ جملہ ہوتا ہے جس میں دو یا دو سے زیادہ مکمل جملے (independent clauses) ہوں اور انہیں conjunction یا semicolon کے ذریعے جوڑا گیا ہو۔

Examples:
• I was tired, so I went to sleep early.
• She wanted to go out, but it was raining.
• He studied hard, and he passed the exam.
• The sky was dark, so we stayed home.
• I called him, but he did not answer.
• We were hungry, so we ordered food.
• She likes tea, and she likes coffee.
• The bus was late, so we walked home.
• I tried to help, but he refused.
• It was cold, yet we went outside.

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Compound-Complex Sentence:

A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Urdu:
Compound-complex sentence وہ جملہ ہوتا ہے جس میں دو مکمل جملے (independent clauses) اور کم از کم ایک نامکمل جملہ (dependent clause) شامل ہو۔

Examples:
• I wanted to go outside, but it started raining when I opened the door.
• She was tired, but she finished her work because the deadline was near.
• When I arrived home, my mother was cooking, and my father was watching TV.
• Although he was sick, he went to school, and he took the exam.
• I missed the bus, so I walked to school, and I reached late.
• If you study hard, you will pass, and you will make your parents proud.
• He was angry because I was late, but he still helped me.
• When the rain stopped, we went outside, and we played cricket.
• Although she was poor, she studied hard, and she achieved success.

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Conditional Sentence:

A conditional sentence is a sentence that shows a condition and its result. It explains that one action depends on another action.

Urdu:
Conditional sentence وہ جملہ ہوتا ہے جس میں ایک شرط (condition) دی جاتی ہے اور اس شرط کے پورا ہونے پر ایک نتیجہ (result) بتایا جاتا ہے۔

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Types of Conditional Sentence

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1. Zero Conditional (General Truth / Facts)

Zero conditional is used for facts, habits, and general truths that are always true.

Urdu:
Zero conditional ان باتوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے جو ہمیشہ سچ ہوں جیسے سائنسی حقیقتیں یا عام اصول۔

Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple

Examples:
• If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
• If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
• If the sun rises, the day starts.
• If you touch fire, it burns.
• If you don’t study, you fail.
• If ice melts, it becomes water.

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2. First Conditional (Real Possibility)

It is used for real situations in present or future that may happen.

Urdu:
First conditional ایسی حالتوں کے لیے ہوتا ہے جو مستقبل میں ممکن ہوں۔

Structure: If + Present Simple, Will + Base Verb

Examples:
• If it rains, we will stay at home.
• If you study hard, you will pass.
• If I finish work, I will go out.
• If she comes late, she will miss the class.
• If you save money, you will buy a phone.
• If we leave early, we will reach on time.

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3. Second Conditional (Unreal Present/Future)

It is used for imaginary or impossible situations in present or future.

Urdu:
Second conditional ایسی حالتوں کے لیے ہوتا ہے جو حقیقت میں ممکن نہیں ہوتیں۔

Structure: If + Past Simple, Would + Base Verb

Examples:
• If I were rich, I would buy a car.
• If she studied, she would pass.
• If I could fly, I would travel the world.
• If he had money, he would help others.
• If we lived in London, we would speak English daily.
• If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.

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4. Third Conditional (Unreal Past)

It is used for past situations that did not happen.

Urdu:
Third conditional ماضی کی ایسی حالت کے لیے ہوتا ہے جو ہو نہیں سکی۔

Structure: If + Past Perfect, Would Have + Past Participle

Examples:
• If he had studied, he would have passed.
• If I had known, I would have come.
• If she had left early, she would have reached on time.
• If they had worked hard, they would have succeeded.
• If we had taken a taxi, we would not have been late.
• If he had called me, I would have helped him.

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Parts Of Speech (اجزائے کلام)

Parts of speech are the categories of words based on their function in a sentence. Every word in a sentence belongs to a specific part of speech.

Parts of speech الفاظ کی وہ اقسام ہیں جنہیں جملے میں ان کے کام (function) کے مطابق تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے۔ ہر لفظ کسی نہ کسی قسم سے تعلق رکھتا ہے۔

Parts of speech الفاظ کی وہ بنیادی اقسام ہیں جن سے ہم روزمرہ زندگی (گھر، دفتر، اسکول، بات چیت) میں جملے بناتے ہیں۔

There are 8 parts of speech in English language:

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Verb

4. Adverb

5. Adjective

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjection

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Types of Parts Of Speech

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1. Open Class Words (Open Parts of Speech)

Open class words are those parts of speech in which new words can be added easily.

These include:
• Noun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb

Urdu:
Open class words وہ ہوتے ہیں جن میں نئے الفاظ آسانی سے شامل ہو سکتے ہیں۔

These words carry the main meaning in a sentence.

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2. Closed Class Words (Closed Parts of Speech)

Closed class words are those parts of speech in which new words are not easily added.

These include:
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Pronouns
• Articles (a, an, the)

Urdu:
Closed class words وہ ہوتے ہیں جن میں نئے الفاظ بہت کم یا نہیں شامل ہوتے۔

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Noun (اسم)

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, idea or feeling.

Urdu:
Noun کسی شخص، جگہ، چیز یا خیال کے نام کو کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
Pakistan, boy, school, teacher, love, city, Ali

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Function of Noun

A noun can work as subject or object in a sentence.

Examples:
• The teacher teaches students.
• He likes books.

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Kinds of Noun

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Proper Noun

Definition:
Proper nouns are specific names of persons, places or things and always start with a capital letter.

Urdu:
Proper noun کسی خاص شخص، جگہ یا چیز کا نام ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
Ali, Hammad, Lahore, Pakistan, Iran, Asia, Shalimar Garden, Eid, Christmas

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Common Noun

Definition:
Common nouns are general names of persons, places or things of the same type.

Urdu:
Common noun عام نام ہوتا ہے جو ایک ہی قسم کی چیزوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

Examples:
Boy, girl, doctor, city, pen, book, computer, tiger, teacher

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Collective Noun

Definition:

Collective nouns are names of a group of people, animals or things that are treated as one unit.

Urdu:
Collective noun وہ الفاظ ہوتے ہیں جو گروہ یا جماعت کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔

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Examples of Noun

1. Flock (پرندوں یا بھیڑوں کا گروہ)

• A flock of birds soared in the sky.
• The shepherd guided his flock carefully.

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2. Team (ٹیم / گروہ)

• The team is working hard.
• Our football team won the match.

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3. Audience (سامعین / ناظرین)

• The audience enjoyed the show.
• The audience clapped loudly.

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4. Bunch (گچھا / مجموعہ)

• A bunch of flowers is on the table.
• She gave me a bunch of keys.

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5. Herd (ریوڑ / جانوروں کا گروہ)

• A herd of cows is in the field.
• The herd moved slowly.

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6. Swarm (جھرمٹ / کیڑوں کا گروہ)

• A swarm of bees attacked the hive.
• A swarm of insects flew in the air.

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7. Choir (گلوکاروں کا گروہ)

• The choir sang beautifully.
• The church choir performed carols.

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8. Jury (فیصلہ کرنے والا گروہ)

• The jury gave its decision.
• He was part of the jury.

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9. Army (فوج)

• The army protects the country.
• An army of ants crossed the road.

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10. Pod (ڈالفنز یا وہیلز کا گروہ)

• A pod of dolphins jumped in the sea.
• We saw a pod of whales.

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11. Fleet (جہازوں یا گاڑیوں کا گروہ)

• A fleet of ships arrived at the port.
• The company has a fleet of trucks.

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12. Troupe (فنکاروں کا گروہ)

• The troupe performed a play.
• A dance troupe visited our city.

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13. Squad (چھوٹا فوجی/پولیس گروہ)

• The police squad arrived quickly.
• The squad is on duty.

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Material Noun

Definition:
Material nouns are names of substances or materials from which things are made.

Urdu:
Material noun وہ چیزیں ہوتی ہیں جن سے دوسری چیزیں بنتی ہیں۔

Examples:
Iron, wood, gold, silver, wheat, paper, mud, cotton

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Countable Noun

Definition:
Countable nouns are things that can be counted and have singular or plural forms.

Urdu:
Countable noun وہ چیزیں ہیں جنہیں گنا جا سکتا ہے۔

Examples:
Book, chair, table, pen, cup, man, woman, computer

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Uncountable Noun

Definition:
Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted or made plural.

Urdu:
Uncountable noun وہ چیزیں ہیں جنہیں گنا نہیں جا سکتا۔

Examples:
Milk, water, sugar, wheat, butter, ice, air, gold, beauty

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Abstract Noun

Definition:
Abstract nouns are names of ideas, qualities, feelings or states that cannot be seen, touched, heard, smelled or tasted.

Urdu:
Abstract noun وہ نام ہوتے ہیں جو جذبات، خیالات یا کیفیت کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں جنہیں ہم محسوس تو کر سکتے ہیں مگر دیکھ یا چھو نہیں سکتے۔

Examples:
Love, honesty, bravery, wisdom, freedom, childhood, truth, hatred, sympathy, stupidity, joy, sadness, fear, death, sickness, music, grammar, politics, astrology

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Concrete Noun

Definition:
Concrete nouns are names of things that can be seen, touched or felt through senses.

Urdu:
Concrete noun وہ چیزیں ہیں جنہیں ہم اپنی senses (دیکھنا، چھونا وغیرہ) سے محسوس کر سکتے ہیں۔

Examples:
Dog, book, apple, rose, chair, table, pen, fragrance, air, music

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Neuter Gender

Definition:
Neuter gender nouns are names of non-living things.

Urdu:
Neuter gender غیر جاندار چیزوں کے نام ہوتے ہیں۔

Examples:
Book, pen, chair, table, computer, tree

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Singular and Plural Noun 

Singular	Plural	Rule
Cat	Cats	Add -s
Bus	Buses	Add -es (ending in s)
Child	Children	Irregular
Woman	Women	Irregular
Mouse	Mice	Irregular
Box	Boxes	Add -es
Leaf	Leaves	f → v + es
Toy	Toys	Add -s
City	Cities	y → i + es
Knife	Knives	fe → v + es
Cactus	Cacti	Latin plural
Radius	Radii	Latin plural
Formula	Formulae / Formulas	both correct
Criterion	Criteria	irregular
Thesis	Theses	-is → -es
Foot	Feet	irregular
Person	People	irregular
Matrix	Matrices	-ix → -ices
Octopus	Octopuses / Octopi	both correct
Datum	Data	Latin plural
Fungus	Fungi	Latin plural
Nucleus	Nuclei	Latin plural
Syllabus	Syllabi	Latin plural

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Masculine and Feminine Gender

Masculine Gender

Definition:
Masculine nouns are names of male persons or animals.

Urdu:
Masculine noun نر جنس کے نام ہوتے ہیں۔

Examples:
Man, boy, lion, father, king, dog, lord

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Feminine Gender

Definition:
Feminine nouns are names of female persons or animals.

Urdu:
Feminine noun مادہ جنس کے نام ہوتے ہیں۔

Examples:
Woman, girl, lioness, queen, mother, lady, cow

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Common Gender

Definition:
Common gender nouns are used for both male and female.

Urdu:
Common gender وہ نام ہوتے ہیں جو مرد اور عورت دونوں کے لیے استعمال ہوں۔

Examples:
Student, doctor, teacher, friend, child

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Man (آدمی) → Woman (عورت) • Rule: Irregular change
King (بادشاہ) → Queen (ملکہ) • Rule: Different words
Actor (اداکار) → Actress (اداکارہ) • Rule: Add -ess
Lion (شیر) → Lioness (شیرنی) • Rule: Add -ess
Prince (شہزادہ) → Princess (شہزادی) • Rule: Add -ess
Duke (نواب / امیر) → Duchess (نواب بیگم) • Rule: Add -ess
Hero (ہیرو) → Heroine (ہیروئن) • Rule: Use -ine
Waiter (ویٹر) → Waitress (ویٹریس) • Rule: Add -ess
Father (والد) → Mother (والدہ) • Rule: Different words
Bachelor (کنوارا) → Spinster (کنواری) • Rule: Different words

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Irregular Plural Nouns

Some nouns change completely in plural form.

Examples:
Child → Children
Man → Men
Goose → Geese
Mouse → Mice
Tooth → Teeth
Analysis → Analyses
Basis → Bases
Crisis → Crises

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Cases of Noun

Noun cases show the function of a noun in a sentence (what role it is playing).

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1. Nominative Case (Subject Case)

A noun is in nominative case when it acts as the subject of the sentence (doer of the action).

Urdu:
جب noun جملے میں کام کرنے والا (subject) ہو تو اسے nominative case کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• The dog barked loudly.
• The sun shines brightly.
• My mother baked a cake.
• The car stopped suddenly.
• Scientists discovered a new planet.

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2. Accusative Case (Direct Object Case)

A noun is in accusative case when it is the direct object and receives the action directly.

Urdu:
جب noun براہ راست action کو receive کرے تو اسے accusative case کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• The boy kicked the ball.
• She opened the door.
• We watched a movie.
• I met Ali.
• The cat caught the mouse.

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3. Dative Case (Indirect Object Case)

A noun is in dative case when it is the indirect object, meaning to whom or for whom something is done.

Urdu:
جب noun بتائے کہ عمل کس کے لیے یا کس کو کیا گیا ہے تو اسے dative case کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• He gave the boy a gift.
• She sent her mother a letter.
• I bought my friend a book.
• They offered him a job.
• Can you tell me a story?

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4. Possessive (Genitive Case)

This case shows ownership or possession. It is formed using ‘s or ’.

Urdu:
جب کسی چیز کی ملکیت ظاہر کی جائے تو اسے possessive case کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• This is Ali’s book.
• The cat’s tail is long.
• My father’s car is new.
• The students’ results are good.
• Pakistan’s flag is green and white.

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5. Vocative Case

This case is used when we directly call or address someone.

Urdu:
جب ہم کسی کو براہِ راست مخاطب کریں تو اسے vocative case کہتے ہیں۔

Examples:
• Ali, come here.
• Please sit down, students.
• Good morning, Sir!
• Listen carefully, everyone.
• Thank you, doctor.

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 Pronouns (ضمیر)

Pronouns وہ الفاظ ہوتے ہیں جو nouns کی جگہ استعمال ہوتے ہیں تاکہ بار بار ایک ہی نام repeat نہ کرنا پڑے اور sentence smooth بن جائے۔

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Types of Pronouns

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Personal Pronoun (ضمیر شخصی) • Demonstrative Pronoun (ضمیر اشارہ) • Distributive Pronoun (ضمیر تقسیمی) • Indefinite Pronoun (ضمیر غیر معین) • Interrogative Pronoun (ضمیر استفہامی) • Relative Pronoun (ضمیر موصول) • Reflexive Pronoun (ضمیر معکوس) • Reciprocal Pronoun (باہمی ضمیر)

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1. Personal Pronoun (ضمیر شخصی)

These pronouns refer to specific persons or things.

Examples:
I, we, you, he, she, it, they

• Ahmad hates her (correct)
• This book is mine (correct)
• You and I are friends
• He gave me a pen
• They are playing cricket

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Cases of Personal Pronoun

Subjective: I, we, you, he, she, it, they
Objective: me, us, you, him, her, them
Possessive: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs

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2. Demonstrative Pronoun (ضمیر اشارہ)

These pronouns point out specific persons or things.

Examples:
This is my book.
That is a car.
These are keys.
Those are houses.

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3. Distributive Pronoun (ضمیر تقسیمی)

These pronouns refer to members of a group one by one.

Examples:
• Each student got a prize.
• Either answer is correct.
• Neither boy is absent.
• Each of the boys is present.
• Either of you can go.

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4. Indefinite Pronoun (ضمیر غیر معین)

These pronouns refer to non-specific persons or things.

someone (کوئی شخص) • Someone is at the door. • Someone called you.

everyone (سب لوگ) • Everyone is happy. • Everyone attended the class.

somebody (کوئی شخص) • Somebody left the door open.

nobody (کوئی نہیں) • Nobody is here. • Nobody knows the answer.

everything (سب کچھ) • Everything is ready. • Everything is fine.

something (کچھ چیز) • Something is wrong. • I want something to eat.

nothing (کچھ نہیں) • Nothing is left. • Nothing is important now.

other (دوسرے لوگ/چیزیں) • Some like tea, others like coffee.

many (زیادہ تعداد) • Many students passed. • Many people came.

few (کم تعداد) • Few students were present. • A few passed the test.

little (کم مقدار) • Little water is left. • A little hope remains.

some (کچھ مقدار) • Some people agreed. • Some water is needed.

Examples:
• Someone is calling you.
• Everything is fine.
• Many have failed.
• Few understand this topic.
• Anything can happen.

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5. Interrogative Pronoun (ضمیر استفہام)

These pronouns are used to ask questions.

Examples:
• Who are you?
• What is this?
• Which book is yours?
• Who called you?
• What do you want?

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6. Relative Pronoun (ضمیر موصول)

(Used to join clauses and refer to nouns)

Relative pronouns وہ ہوتے ہیں جو noun کو clause سے جوڑتے ہیں اور اس کے بارے میں مزید معلومات دیتے ہیں۔

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who (انسان – subject کے طور پر) • The boy who is sitting there is my friend. • People who work hard succeed.

whom (انسان – object کے طور پر) • The man whom I met is a teacher. • The girl whom you called is my sister.

whose (ملکیت ظاہر کرنے کے لیے) • The boy whose bag is lost is crying. • The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend.

which (جانور/چیزیں) • The book which is on the table is mine. • The car which he bought is new.

that (انسان/چیز – essential information) • The pen that I bought is red. • The house that we live in is big.

Examples:
• The boy who is standing there is my friend.
• This is the book that I bought.
• The girl whom I met is my cousin.
• I know the man who helped you.

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7. Reflexive Pronoun (ضمیر معکوس)

Used when subject and object are the same.

Examples:
• I hurt myself.
• She cooked herself.
• They blamed themselves.
• He introduced himself.
• We enjoyed ourselves.

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8. Reciprocal Pronoun (باہمی ضمیر)

Used for mutual action between two or more people.

Reciprocal pronouns وہ ہوتے ہیں جو دو یا زیادہ افراد کے درمیان باہمی عمل (mutual action) ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔

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each other (ایک دوسرے کے لیے – دو افراد) • The two friends helped each other. • John and Mary looked at each other.

one another (ایک دوسرے کے لیے – دو سے زیادہ افراد) • The students helped one another. • The birds chirped at one another.

Examples:
• They helped each other.
• The two friends love one another.
• We respect each other.
• The players encouraged one another.

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What is the difference between Pronoun & Adjective 

each • Each student is intelligent (adjective) • Each is important (pronoun) • Refers individually

every • Every student passed • Every book is useful • Refers to all members

either • You can take either option • Either is fine • One of two

neither • Neither answer is correct • Neither is allowed • None of two

both • Both are present • Both boys are tall • Two together

any • I don’t have any money • Any student can join • Unspecific choice

none • None is left • None of the books is mine • Zero quantity

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Adjectives (صفت)

Adjectives وہ الفاظ ہوتے ہیں جو noun کی quality, quantity یا number کو describe کرتے ہیں۔

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They answer questions:
• What kind?
• Which one?
• How many?
• How much?

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Usage of Adjectives

Attributive: adjective noun سے پہلے آئے
• The lazy boy is sleeping.

Predicative: verb کے بعد آئے
• The boy is lazy.

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Types of Adjectives

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Descriptive Adjective (صفاتِ کیفیت) • Red, beautiful, tall • The red flower is beautiful.

Demonstrative Adjective (اشارہ کرنے والے) • This, that, these, those • This book is mine.

Possessive Adjective (ملکیت ظاہر کرنے والے) • my, your, his, her • This is my pen.

Comparative Adjective (مقابلہ) • taller, faster, smarter • Ali is taller than Ahmad.

Superlative Adjective (سب سے زیادہ) • tallest, fastest, smartest • He is the tallest boy.

Numeral Adjective (عددی صفت) • one, two, first, second • I have two books.

Interrogative Adjective (سوالیہ) • which, what • Which book is yours?

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Adjectives of Quality (کیفیت کی صفت)

These describe qualities like size, color, shape, character.

Examples:
• Lahore is a large city.
• He is an honest man.
• The old foolish crow tried to sing.
• English grammar is an important subject.

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Adjectives of Quantity (مقدار کی صفت)

These show how much of something.

Examples:
• I ate some rice.
• He has little patience.
• We have enough food.
• He has no money.
• She gave half cake.
• I need more time.

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Adjectives of Number (عددی صفت)

These show how many or order.

Examples:
• I have five pens.
• Few students were present.
• All boys are here.
• Some people came.
• He won first prize.
• Most students passed.

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Types of Numeral Adjectives

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Definite Adjectives (exact number/order) • two books • first prize • There are seven days in a week.

Indefinite Adjectives (uncertain number) • some, many, few, several • Some students are late.

Distributive Adjectives (ہر ایک کو الگ) • each, every, either, neither • Each student is smart.

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Difference: Quantity & Number

Adjectives of Quantity • I ate some rice (uncertain amount) • Show amount, not exact number

Adjectives of Number • Some boys are clever • Show count or order

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Properties of Adjectives

• Comparative degree should be used only when comparison is implied.
Example: This book is better than the other is.
Wrong: This book is good than the other is.

• Comparatives ending in -or & -er are followed by ‘to’.
Example: I am senior to him.
He prefers health to wealth.

• Double comparatives & superlatives should be avoided.
Example: He is more abler than his brother. (Incorrect)
He is abler than his brother. (Correct)
He is the most richest man in the city. (Incorrect)
He is the richest man in the city. (Correct)

• ‘Less’ is used for quantity, ‘Fewer’ for number.
Example: There were fewer calls this week.
There is less reason to be watchful now.

• ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentences and ‘Any’ in negative sentences.
Example: He has got some good story books.
There is some milk in the pot.
He has not got any good story books.
There isn’t any milk in the pot.

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Little / A Little / The Little

• Little: Almost none; not enough (negative)
Example: There’s little water left, so we might run out.

• A Little: Some; sufficient (positive)
Example: There’s a little water left, enough to drink.

• The Little: The small amount that exists
Example: We’ll use the little water we have left carefully.

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Few / A Few / The Few

• Few: Almost none (negative sense)
• A Few: Some (positive sense)
• The Few: Specific known quantity

Example:
Few men are free from faults.
I have read a few books.
I have read the few books I have.

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Much vs Many

• Much → quantity
• Many → number

Example:
I do not have much time to waste.
Many girls are at play.

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Nearest vs Next

• Nearest → distance
• Next → position/order

Example:
Shahpur is the town nearest to our village.
She was sitting next to me.
When will the next train arrive?

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Farther vs Further

• Farther → physical distance
• Further → additional/extra

Example:
Lahore is farther from Sui than Sialkot.
This requires further consideration.

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Later / Latter / Latest / Last

• Later → time in future
Example: Let’s meet later today.

• Latter → second of two items
Example: Of the two boys, the latter is my brother.

• Latest → most recent
Example: What is the latest news?

• Last → final item
Example: He was the last boy in the row.

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First vs Foremost

• First → order/sequence
• Foremost → most important

Example:
He was the first student to arrive.
Jinnah was the foremost leader.

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Older / Elder / Oldest / Eldest

• Older → general comparison
• Elder → respectful (family use)
• Oldest → superlative age
• Eldest → family/siblings

Example:
He is older than me.
He is my elder brother.
This is the oldest house.
She is the eldest daughter.

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Each vs Every

• Each → individual focus
• Every → group as whole

Example:
Each student was given a prize.
Every student got a watch.

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Each other / One another

• Each other → 2 persons
• One another → more than 2

Example:
Both sisters love each other.
Three sisters love one another.

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Adjectives used as Nouns

• The + adjective = noun

Example:
The poor should be helped.
The rich are generally proud.
The powerful never think of the weak.

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Articles (A, An, The)

• A, An, The are called Articles.
• Articles are used before nouns (and sometimes pronouns).
• Article is also called a determiner.
• It works like an adjective because it gives extra information about nouns.

Example 

• I went to Lahore. (Correct)
• I went to the Lahore. (Wrong)
• He is an intelligent boy. (Correct)
• He is intelligent. (Correct)

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Types of Articles

1. Definite Article (The)

• “The” is used for specific / definite nouns (singular or plural).

2. Indefinite Articles (A, An)

• “A / An” are used for non-specific singular nouns.
• A → consonant sound
• An → vowel sound

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A / An (Sound Rules Examples)

• A toy
• A ball
• A watch
• A student
• A European (sound = Yu)
• A year
• A unit
• A university

• An egg
• An MNA
• An ear
• An heir
• An X-ray
• An honest man
• An onion
• An umbrella
• An MBBS student

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Position of Articles

• Article + Noun
Example: a writer

• Article + Adjective + Noun
Example: a good writer

• Article + Adverb + Adjective + Noun
Example: a very good writer

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Usage of A / An

1. Singular Countable Noun

• He has a car.
• She has a bottle.
• I am a teacher.

2. Unknown Person / Thing

• A Mr. Aslam wants to talk to you.
• A Miss Iqra called you.

3. Meaning of “Any”

• He did not buy a book.
• She did not read a novel.

4. Frequency (Per / Each)

• I go there once a week.
• She earns 80 thousand a month.

5. Class Representation

• A cow is a useful animal.
• A dog is a faithful animal.

6. Singular Countable Rule

• I have a book. (Correct)
• He is a doctor. (Correct)

7. First & Second Mention Rule

• A man came yesterday. The man was hungry.
• There was a king. The king was brave.

8. Units / Quantity Expressions

• I have a dozen eggs.
• She has a thousand rupees.

9. Proper Noun as Common Idea

• He is a Babar Azam of our team.
• You are a Quaid-e-Azam type leader.

10. Verb used as Noun

• He went for a walk.
• Take a rest.

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Omission of A / An

1. Before Adjectives (without noun)

• He is honest. (Correct)
• He is an honest man. (Correct)
• He is honest person. (Wrong)

2. Uncountable / Plural Nouns

• Gold is a precious metal. (Correct)
• Children are playing. (Correct)

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Use of Definite Article (The)

“The” is used before:

• Historical buildings → The Taj Mahal, The Red Fort
• Holy books → The Quran
• Mountain ranges → The Himalayas, The Karakoram
• Rivers / Oceans → The Indus, The Indian Ocean
• Deserts → The Sahara Desert
• Countries (plural names) → The USA, The UAE
• Groups of islands → The Maldives
• Ships / Trains / Hotels → The Green Line Express

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Important Exceptions

• Mount Everest (NOT The Mount Everest)
• K2 (NOT The K2)
• “Daughter of the East” (book title uses The correctly)

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1. Directions with “The”

We use “The” before directions when they are used as nouns.

• The East (Correct)
• The West (Correct)
• North (Wrong)
• South (Wrong)

Rule: Direction names (East, West, North, South) usually take “The”.

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2. Position / Location Expressions

• At the top (Correct)
• At top (Wrong)
• At the back (Correct)
• At back (Wrong)

 Rule: Fixed expressions of position need “The”.

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3. Religious Groups

• The Muslims (Correct)
• The Christians (Correct)
• The Jews (Correct)
• The Hindus (Correct)

Rule: When referring to entire religious communities, we use “The”.

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4. Nationality Usage

• The Pakistani
• The Indian
• The French people
• The English people

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Important Exception (Nationality)

When nationality is used as a single person or countable noun:

• I met a European. (Correct)
• I met the European. (Wrong)

• An Englishman was in my class. (Correct)
• The Englishman was in my class. (Wrong)

Rule: Use A/An when referring to one person from a nationality.

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5. Languages Rule

 No article is used before languages:

• English is spoken worldwide. (Correct)
• The English is spoken worldwide. (Wrong)

• Translate English into Urdu. (Correct)
• Translate the English into the Urdu. (Wrong)

 Correct form:
• The English language is spoken in England.

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6. Armed Forces, Government & Parties

We use “The” before institutions:

• The Army (Correct)
• The Air Force (Correct)
• The Judiciary (Correct)
• The People’s Party (Correct)

 Wrong forms:
• Army (Wrong)
• Airforce (Wrong)
• Executive (Wrong)

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7. Musical Instruments & Inventions

• The piano (Correct)
• The tabla (Correct)
• The guitar (Correct)
• The harmonium (Correct)

• I am learning the piano. (Correct)
• I am watching TV. (Correct)
• I have a piano. (Correct)

 Wrong:
• I am watching a TV.

 Rule:
TV is used without “The” in general sense.

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8. Parts of Body Usage

• She hit me on the head. (Correct)
• He was shot in the leg. (Correct)
• She looked me in the eyes. (Correct)
• He was shot in leg. (Wrong)

Fixed Expressions:

• on foot
• at hand
• in hand

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9. Titles / Official Posts

• The Chief Minister
• The Director

 Rule: Official positions take “The”.

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10. Apposition (Extra Information)

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader, was honest.
• Babar Azam, the cricketer, is a legend.

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No Article Cases (Zero Article Rule)

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1. General Concepts

We do NOT use articles with general ideas:

• Man is mortal.
• Science has miracles.
• Life is unpredictable.

 Wrong:
• The man is mortal.

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2. Institutions (Real Purpose Use)

No article when talking about purpose:

• in jail (prisoners)
• in school (study)
• in hospital (treatment)
• at market (shopping)
• at university (study)

Examples:

• He is in jail.
• I go to school for study.
• I go to market for shopping.
• I am at university for study.

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Final Rule Summary

 Use “The” → specific + unique things
Use “A/An” → singular non-specific nouns
 No article → general meaning or institutions (purpose use)

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Verb and Its Functional Classification

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 Verb (Definition)

A verb is a word that expresses an action, state, or condition of a subject. It indicates what the subject does, what it is, or what happens to it. A verb forms the core of a sentence and determines its structure and meaning.

Examples:
Ali writes a letter.
They live in Karachi.
The situation changed suddenly.

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Classification of Verbs

Verbs are broadly classified on the basis of meaning and usage into different categories.

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 1. Dynamic (Action) Verbs

Dynamic verbs describe actions or processes involving physical or mental activity. These actions may have a clear beginning and end and can often be expressed in continuous tenses.

Examples:
He is writing an essay.
They were building a house.
The students solved the problem.

Such verbs indicate activity or movement and are commonly used in progressive forms.

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 2. Stative (State) Verbs

Stative verbs describe conditions, states of mind, emotions, possession, or perception rather than actions. They represent situations that are generally static or unchanging.

Examples:
She knows the answer.
He believes in honesty.
They own a house in Lahore.

These verbs are usually not used in continuous forms because they refer to mental states or conditions rather than physical actions.

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 Continuous vs Non-Continuous Usage

Dynamic verbs can appear in continuous forms as they indicate ongoing actions:
He is running a business.

Stative verbs generally do not take continuous form:
He knows the truth (not is knowing).

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 3. Imperative Usage of Verbs

Verbs can function in imperative sentences where commands, instructions, or requests are expressed. In such structures, the subject is usually implied.

Examples:
Close the door.
Submit your assignment on time.
Follow the instructions carefully.

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 4. Verbs of Sensory Perception

These verbs relate to the five senses and can be used in two ways: active perception and stative description.

Active perception (ongoing action):
She is tasting the soup to check the flavor.
He is smelling the flowers in the garden.

Stative perception (condition or result):
The soup tastes salty.
The flowers smell fragrant.

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Helping Verbs (Auxiliary System)

Helping verbs are used with main verbs to form tenses, aspects, voices, and moods. They do not carry complete meaning independently.

Examples:
She is reading a novel.
They have completed the task.
He will attend the meeting.

Auxiliary verbs function as structural elements of the sentence.

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Linking Verbs

Linking verbs do not show action but connect the subject with a complement that describes or identifies it. They function as a bridge between subject and description.

Examples:
She is a doctor.
He appears tired after work.
The situation became complicated.

In such cases, the verb acts as an equivalence between subject and complement.

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 Lexical and Delexical Verbs

Lexical Verbs

Lexical verbs carry independent and complete meaning within a sentence and directly express the action.

Examples:
She prepared dinner.
He wrote a report.
They repaired the machine.

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Delexical Verbs

Delexical verbs are light verbs that lose their primary meaning and combine with nouns to form a complete expression. The meaning is mainly carried by the noun.

Examples:
She took a shower.
He made a decision.
They had a discussion.

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Transitive, Intransitive & Auxiliary Verbs

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Transitive Verbs

A transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which is directed from the subject towards an object. In other words, the action of the verb passes from the doer to something or someone that receives it.

Examples:

The police arrested the thief.
The students are reading books.

Concept Note:

In transitive structures, the verb is always followed by an object that receives the action.

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 Identification Rule

A verb is considered transitive if it answers the questions:
“What?” or “Whom?” after the verb.

Example:
He wrote a letter. (What did he write? → a letter)

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Transitive Verbs with Two Objects

Some transitive verbs take two objects at the same time:

1. Direct Object → the thing that receives the action

2. Indirect Object → the person for whom or to whom the action is done

Examples:

He gave me a book.
The teacher told us a story.

Alternative Structure:

He gave a book to me.
The teacher told a story to us.

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 Intransitive Verbs

An intransitive verb expresses an action or state that does not transfer to any object. The meaning of the sentence is complete without requiring an object.

Examples:

The sun rises in the east.
She is sleeping.
He died last night.
Water boils at 100°C.

In such sentences, the verb stands complete on its own.

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 Difference Summary (Conceptual)

Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning, while intransitive verbs do not require any object and remain complete independently.

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Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs that support the main verb to form different grammatical structures such as tense, mood, voice, or emphasis.

Examples:

She is going to school.
They have completed the work.
He can speak English fluently.

In these sentences, auxiliary verbs assist the main verb.

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 Types of Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are divided into two major categories:

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 1. Primary Auxiliaries

Primary auxiliaries are used to form tenses, questions, negatives, and passive constructions. They also function as main verbs in some cases.

Forms:

be → is, am, are, was, were, been, being
have → has, have, had
do → does, do, did

Examples:

She is reading a book.
They have finished their work.
He does not agree with this idea.
The work was completed on time.

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Modal Auxiliaries (Introduction)

Modal auxiliaries are special helping verbs that express different shades of meaning such as ability, possibility, permission, necessity, obligation, and certainty. These verbs do not function independently and are always used with a main verb.

A key feature of modal verbs is that they do not change according to number, person, or tense. The same modal is used with all subjects.

For example:
He can play.
They can play.

Both sentences are grammatically correct without any change in the modal verb.

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 Important Structural Rule

Modal verbs are always followed by the base form of the main verb.

Correct usage:
He would have gone to school.

Incorrect structure:
He would has go to school.

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 List of Modal Verbs with Basic Functions

Can → ability or permission
Could → past ability or polite possibility
May → permission or possibility
Might → weaker possibility
Shall → future reference or strong intention
Should → advice or recommendation
Will → future action or willingness
Would → past habit or polite request
Must → necessity or strong obligation
Ought to → moral duty or advice
Need → necessity in interrogative/negative sense
Dare → courage or challenge

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 Functional Uses of Modal Verbs

Modal verbs may express multiple meanings depending on context.

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MAY / MIGHT

May is used for permission, possibility, wishes, and purpose.

Examples:
You may leave now.
It may rain today.
May you succeed in life.
We study so that we may learn.

Might is used for weaker possibility, polite suggestion, or regret.

Examples:
It might rain later.
You might try this method.
You might have informed me earlier.

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 CAN / COULD

Can expresses ability, capacity, or permission.

Examples:
She can solve this problem.
You can go now.

Could expresses past ability or polite request.

Examples:
He could swim when he was young.
Could you help me?

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MUST / OUGHT TO

Must expresses obligation, necessity, certainty, or strong determination.

Examples:
We must follow the rules.
He must be at home now.

Ought to expresses moral responsibility or advice.

Examples:
You ought to respect elders.
We ought to help the poor.

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 WILL / SHALL

Will expresses future action, willingness, promise, or determination.

Examples:
I will complete this work.
He will help you.
I will succeed.

Shall is used for future reference in first person and for formal commands, suggestions, or offers.

Examples:
I shall return tomorrow.
Shall we start the meeting?

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 WOULD / SHOULD

Would expresses polite request, past habit, or conditional meaning.

Examples:
Would you open the door?
When I was young, I would wake up early.

Should expresses advice, duty, or expectation.

Examples:
You should work hard.
We should respect laws.

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Finite Verbs

Finite verbs are those that change according to number, person, and tense. They function as the main verb of a sentence.

Examples:
She writes a letter.
They wrote letters.
I write letters.

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Non-Finite Verbs

Non-finite verbs are not limited by tense, number, or person. They include infinitives, gerunds, and participles.

Examples:
He wants to eat.
They like playing cricket.
She saw a broken window.

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Regular Verbs

Regular verbs form their past tense by adding -ed.

Examples:
walk → walked
play → played
fix → fixed

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Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs do not follow a fixed rule and change their form in the past tense.

Examples:
go → went
eat → ate
run → ran
sleep → slept

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Non-Finite Verb Forms 

1. Infinitive

An infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually with “to”, used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Infinitive = To + Verb (Base Form)

یعنی “to” + فعل کی پہلی فارم

Examples:

• to eat = کھانا

• to play = کھیلنا

• to read = پڑھنا

• to write = لکھنا

1. I want to eat.

   میں کھانا چاہتا ہوں۔

2. She likes to read.

   وہ پڑھنا پسند کرتی ہے۔

3. We came to help.

   ہم مدد کرنے آئے۔

4. He wants to study.

   وہ پڑھنا چاہتا ہے۔

یاد رکھنے کا آسان فارمولا

To + V1 = Infinitive

Examples:

• to go

• to eat

• to play

• to write

• to study

Example:

• I want to sleep. 

• She plans to travel.

Types:

(a) To-Infinitive

• to + base verb

• Example: He wants to learn English.

(b) Bare Infinitive

• base verb without “to”

• Example: She made him write again.

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Uses of To-Infinitive

1. As a Noun (Subject)

• To study is important.

2. As an Adjective

• She has work to complete.

3. As an Adverb (purpose)

• He went to meet his friend.

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Uses of Bare Infinitive

1. After Modal Verbs

• He can speak English.

• You must try harder.

2. After Sense Verbs

• I saw him leave.

• We heard her sing.

3. After causative verbs

• She made him apologize.

• Let me go.

4. After “why” expressions

• Why waste time?

• Why not try again?

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2. Gerund

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun.

Uses:

1. Subject

• Swimming is healthy.

2. Object

• I enjoy reading.

3. After prepositions

• He is good at painting.

4. After certain verbs

• She avoided meeting him.

• He admitted cheating.

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3. Participles

A participle is a verb form used as an adjective.

(a) Present Participle (-ing)

• A burning candle

• The crying baby

Uses:

• Describes noun: a running train

• Shows action: He sat reading

• Replaces clause: The boy standing there is my friend

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(b) Past Participle (V3)

• broken, written, closed

Uses:

• A broken chair

• He looked tired

• The stolen bike was found

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(c) Perfect Participle

having + V3

• Having finished the work, he left.

• Having seen the result, she cried.

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4. Quick Summary

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Subject–Verb Agreement (Grammar Rules)

Subject–verb agreement means that the verb must always match its subject in number (singular/plural) and person.

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Rule 1: Basic Agreement

A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

• He plays cricket.

• They play cricket.

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Rule 2: Subjects joined by “and”

When two or more singular subjects are joined by and, they usually take a plural verb.

• John and Jolly were brothers.

Exception (2a): Same idea or one unit

If the two nouns refer to one idea or single concept, the verb is singular.

• Rice and curry is his favorite dish.

Exception (2b): Each / Every with “and”

If each or every is used, the verb remains singular.

• Every man and woman desires happiness.

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Rule 3: “Or / Nor” with singular subjects

When subjects are joined by or / nor, the verb is usually singular.

• Neither Hari nor Ramesh has gone to school.

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Rule 4: Different number subjects (nearest agreement)

When subjects differ in number, the verb agrees with the nearest subject.

• Neither the headmaster nor the teachers were present.

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Rule 5: “With / As well as”

The verb agrees with the first subject, not the second.

• I, as well as they, am tired of his behavior.

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Rule 6: “Not only… but also”

The verb agrees with the second subject.

• Not only the soldiers but also the captain has been arrested.

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Rule 7: Expletive “There”

When a sentence begins with there, the verb agrees with the real subject.

• There is no hope of success.

• There are many students in the class.

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Rule 8: Certain singular expressions

Words like each, every, either, neither, one of take a singular verb.

• Each of the girls is intelligent.

• One of the boys is absent.

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Rule 9: Plural form but singular meaning

Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning.

• Mathematics is my favorite subject.

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Rule 10: Collective nouns

Collective nouns can take singular or plural verbs depending on meaning.

• The jury was unanimous. (as one unit)

• The jury were divided. (individual members)

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Rule 11: Relative pronouns

The verb agrees with the antecedent (the noun before the pronoun).

• The boy who stands first is my son.

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Rule 12: Money, distance, weight, time

When treated as a single amount, a singular verb is used. If considered separately, plural is used.

• A hundred rupees is a large amount.

• A hundred rupees were found in his pocket.

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Adverb

Definition

An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, how often, or to what extent an action happens.

Examples

• Meera is very sad. (modifies an adjective)

• The child wept bitterly. (modifies a verb)

• He walks very quickly. (modifies another adverb)

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Kinds of Adverbs

Adverbs are mainly divided into three types:

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1. Simple Adverbs

Simple Adverbs are further divided into six categories:

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Adverb Position in the Sentence

Adverb Type	Position	Rule	Example
Manner (How?)	End	Comes after the verb or object.	The students completed the assignment carefully.
Place (Where?)	End	Usually follows the verb.	The children played outside.
Time (When?)	End / Front	End for information; Front for emphasis.	We will discuss it tomorrow. / Later, we can review the report.
Frequency (How often?)	Mid	Comes before the main verb and after “to be”.	She frequently visits the library. / He is rarely absent from class.
Degree (How much?)	Before	Comes before the word it modifies.	The road was extremely narrow.
Certainty	Mid	Comes between the helping verb and the main verb.	They will certainly complete the project.

Placement Tricks

Word	Used With	Position	Example
Enough	Adjectives / Nouns	After adjective / Before noun	Strong enough / Enough resources
Too	Adjectives / Adverbs	Before	The bag is too heavy to carry.
So	Adjectives / Adverbs	Before (often followed by “that”)	The lecture was so interesting that everyone listened carefully.
Not at all	Verbs / Adjectives	Usually at the end	I am not worried at all.
Much	Uncountable Nouns	Before	We do not have much information about the case.
Many	Countable Nouns	Before	Many applicants appeared for the test.
Very	Adjectives / Adverbs	Before	A very skilled technician.
Far	Comparative Adjectives	Before	This solution is far more effective than the previous one.

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MPFT Rule: (Manner – Place – Frequency – Time)

When more than one adverb is used in a sentence, the usual order is:

Manner → Place → Frequency → Time

Examples:

• The boy spoke politely in the hall twice yesterday.

• The team practiced hard on the ground every day last week.

• Come to my office at 9 o’clock.

• Meet me at the library tomorrow morning.

AAA Rule

Adjective	Adverb	Abstract Noun
Kind	Kindly	Kindness
Honest	Honestly	Honesty
Careful	Carefully	Carefulness
Faithful	Faithfully	Faithfulness
Angry	Angrily	Anger
True	Truly	Truth
Truthful	Truthfully	Truthfulness

2. Interrogative Adverbs

These adverbs are used to ask questions and may belong to any class of adverbs.

Type	Interrogative Adverb	Example
Reason	Why	Why are you absent today?
Place	Where	Where does your brother work?
Time	When	When will the guests arrive?
Manner	How	How did you complete the task?

3. Relative Adverbs

These adverbs join clauses and perform the function of both an Adverb and a Conjunction.

Examples:

• This is the place where we first met.

• I do not know why she refused the offer.

• Do you remember when the meeting started?

• Show me how this device works.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

1. Formation by Adding “ly” to Adjectives

Most Adverbs of Manner are formed by adding “ly” to adjectives.

Adjective	Adverb
Strong	Strongly
Faithful	Faithfully
Sincere	Sincerely
Quick	Quickly
Slow	Slowly
Neat	Neatly
Busy	Busily
Happy	Happily
True	Truly
Severe	Severely

2. Same Form as the Corresponding Adjectives

Some adverbs have the same form as their adjectives.

Adjective Usage	Adverb Usage
It was a hard task.	She worked hard.
We need an early decision.	Please arrive early.
He has high ambitions.	He aims high.
It was a long journey.	The discussion continued long after sunset.

3. Formed by Combining a Noun and a Qualifying Adjective

Examples: yesterday, otherwise, meanwhile, sometimes.

4. Formed by Adding a Noun to “a”, “be”, “to”, etc.

Examples: today, abreast, ahead, besides.

5. Formed by Combining a Preposition and a Noun

Examples: herein, henceforth, thereupon.

6. Formed by Combining “a” or “be” with an Adjective

Examples: aloud, anew, behind, along.

7. Formed from Participles

Examples: knowingly, surprisingly, willingly.

8. Specific Formations

Original Word	Adverb
One	Once
Two	Twice
Three	Thrice
Four	Fourfold
Many	Manifold

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USE OF ADVERBS

1. Since, Ago, Before

• Since refers to a period from a past point up to the present.

Example: He moved to Lahore in 2020 and has lived there since.

• Ago refers to a period counted back from the present.

Example: She completed her studies two years ago.

• Before means previously or earlier.

Example: I had never visited this place before.

2. Quite, Very

• Quite means completely or entirely.

Example: The room is quite clean.

• Very indicates a high degree.

Example: The student is very intelligent.

3. Very, Much

• Very is commonly used with adjectives and past participles.

Example: We were very pleased with the result.

• Much is used to strengthen certain expressions.

Example: The task was much too difficult.

4. Too, Enough

• Too generally gives the idea of excess.

Example: The bag is too heavy.

• Enough shows a sufficient amount or degree.

Example: We have enough food for everyone.

5. Hardly, Barely, Scarcely

These adverbs carry an almost negative meaning.

Examples:

• She could hardly hear the announcement.

• He barely passed the test.

• We had scarcely arrived when it started raining.

6. Too Much, Much Too

• Too much is used before a noun.

Example: There is too much traffic on the road.

• Much too is used before an adjective.

Example: The room is much too small.

7. However, Rather

• However means “in whatever way” or “to whatever extent”.

Example: However hard he tried, he could not win.

• Rather means “somewhat” or “fairly”.

Example: The lecture was rather interesting.

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Conjunction

A Conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. It helps connect ideas and makes sentences more meaningful and smooth.

Examples:

• Ali and Ahmed are friends.

• She worked hard, so she passed the examination.

• I wanted to buy the book, but it was unavailable.

Difference between Conjunction and Preposition

Using Conjunction	Using Preposition	Rule
She stayed home because she was ill.	She stayed home because of her illness.	A conjunction is followed by a clause (subject + verb), while a preposition is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
I went home after I completed my work.	I went home after work.	A conjunction joins actions, while a preposition is followed by a noun.
He was tired, so he took some rest.	He took some rest due to tiredness.	A conjunction joins two complete ideas, while a preposition introduces a reason through a noun.
Although they practiced hard, they lost the match.	Despite hard practice, they lost the match.	A conjunction joins contrasting clauses, while a preposition is followed by a noun or gerund.
We will stay here until the bus arrives.	We will stay here until the arrival of the bus.	A conjunction is followed by an action, while a preposition is followed by a noun.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions (برابر اہمیت رکھنے والے الفاظ یا جملوں کو ملاتے ہیں)

These conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.

The most common coordinating conjunctions are:

FANBOYS = For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Examples:

• Ayesha likes tea and coffee.

• I wanted to travel, but I had an important meeting.

• The weather was cold, yet the children continued playing.

• The road was blocked, so we took another route.

Important Points

• Coordinating conjunctions can join Noun–Noun, Noun–Pronoun, Pronoun–Pronoun, Phrase–Phrase, and Clause–Clause.

• A conjunction joins parts of the same sentence.

• When a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses, the sentence becomes a Compound Sentence.

• A comma is usually placed before the conjunction when two independent clauses are joined.

Example:

The shop was closed, so we returned home.

Important Rules (FANBOYS)

Letter	Conjunction	Function	Example
F	For	Gives a reason	The roads were empty, for it was a public holiday.
A	And	Adds information	Sara enjoys reading, and her sister likes writing.
N	Nor	Adds another negative idea	He does not smoke, nor does he drink.
B	But	Shows contrast	I invited him, but he could not come.
O	Or	Shows choice	You can call me, or you can send a message.
Y	Yet	Shows unexpected contrast	The task was difficult, yet she completed it on time.
S	So	Shows result	It was raining heavily, so we stayed indoors.

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Punctuation Rule

When FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) joins two independent clauses, a comma is placed immediately before the conjunction.

Examples:

• The weather was pleasant, and we decided to go for a picnic.

• The shop was closed, so we returned home.

No comma is needed when FANBOYS joins only words or phrases.

Example:

• I bought notebooks and pens.

• She likes tea and coffee.

Tense Rules and Relationships

Examples:

• He is as wise as he is humble.

• She is as hardworking as I.

• Rizwan is such a player as everyone admires.

• I am not so active as he.

• No sooner did the bell ring than the students left the classroom.

• Hardly had the match started when it began to rain.

Important Points

• For positive comparison, use as … as.

• For negative comparison, use so … as.

• After as … as, a subjective pronoun is preferred.

• “No sooner” is commonly followed by “did” and “than”.

• “Hardly” is commonly followed by “had” and “when”.

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Relationship Between Tenses

The tense of one clause depends upon its relationship with the other clause.

A. Tense Consistency (Parallelism)

When And, But, Or, or Yet joins two clauses, the tense generally remains the same.

Examples:

• Past: He entered the room, and he sat on a chair.

• Present: She works hard, but she needs more experience.

• Future: They will travel tomorrow, and they will return next week.

B. Logical Shifts (So & For)

“So” shows a result, while “For” gives a reason. Therefore, the tenses may differ according to meaning.

Examples:

• I prepared well, so I will perform confidently.

• He looks exhausted, for he worked all night.

C. Nor Inversion Rule

When “Nor” is used, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject.

Examples:

• I do not enjoy horror movies, nor do I watch them.

• She did not attend the seminar, nor did she send an apology.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions

   (Dependent clause ko Independent clause se ملاتے ہیں)

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause with an independent clause. They help show reason, time, condition, contrast, or purpose.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions:

because, although, while, since, after, before, unless, if, when, until

Examples:

• I stayed at home because I was feeling unwell.

• Although the road was busy, we reached on time.

• She listens to music while she studies.

• He has not met his friend since they completed college.

• Before you leave, lock the door.

• If you practice regularly, you will improve your skills.

Important Points

• Subordinating conjunctions join only two clauses.

• One clause must be dependent and the other independent.

• The sentence formed is usually a Complex Sentence.

• They do not join individual words.

• When the dependent clause comes first, use a comma between the clauses.

Example:

• Although it was raining, they continued the journey.

• They continued the journey although it was raining.

• Avoid double conjunctions in the same sentence.

Incorrect: Although he was tired, but he continued working.

Correct: Although he was tired, he continued working.

Incorrect: Until you do not apply, you cannot be selected.

Correct: Until you apply, you cannot be selected.

3. Correlative Conjunctions

   (جوڑوں کی صورت میں استعمال ہونے والے Conjunctions)

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs and join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.

Common Pairs:

• either … or

• neither … nor

• both … and

• not only … but also

• whether … or

• as … as

• so … as

• such … as

Examples:

• Either Ali or Ahmad will lead the team.

• Neither the manager nor the staff was available.

• Both the teacher and the students participated.

• She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

• Whether you agree or disagree, respect others’ opinions.

• He is as brave as a soldier.

• This task is not so difficult as it appears.

• Such books as improve knowledge should be read.

Difference

• Either you or he is responsible. (Correlative Conjunction)

• He or she will attend the meeting. (Coordinating Conjunction)

Conjunctions Table

Type	Definition	Examples	Example Sentences
Coordinating Conjunctions	Join words, phrases, or clauses that have equal importance	and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet	Sara and Hina are classmates. He is honest, but sometimes careless.
Subordinating Conjunctions	Join a main clause with a dependent clause	because, although, since, if, when, while, until, unless	I stayed at home because I was unwell. If you work hard, you will succeed.
Correlative Conjunctions	Work in pairs to connect equal elements	either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also	Either Ahmed or Usman will lead the team. Not only the teacher but also the students were happy.

Summary

Type	Joins	Key Words	Example
Coordinating	Equal elements	FANBOYS	He was tired, but he continued working.
Subordinating	Main clause + dependent clause	because, although, if, when, since	We stayed inside because it was raining heavily.
Correlative	Paired words or phrases	either…or, neither…nor, both…and	Both Ali and Hassan are playing cricket.

Conjunction Rules

Conjunction	Correct Sentence	Incorrect Sentence	Rule / Reason
Although	Although it was late, he continued working.	Although he was tired but he continued working.	Do not use “but” with although.
Because	She stayed home because she was unwell.	She stayed home because she was unwell, so she rested.	Do not combine “so” with because.
Since	Since you are ready, we can start the class.	Since you are ready, therefore we can start.	Do not use “therefore” with since.
Though	Though he was poor, he was honest.	Though he was poor but he was honest.	Do not use “but” with though.
Unless	You cannot succeed unless you work hard.	Unless you do not work hard, you will fail.	Avoid double negatives with unless.
Until	Wait here until I return.	Wait here until I will come.	Do not use future tense with until.
While	She was reading while he was studying.	She was reading while he was not studying.	While shows simultaneous actions, not contrast.
Whereas	He is intelligent whereas his brother is average.	He is intelligent whereas his brother is intelligent too.	Whereas shows contrast, not similarity.
And	Ali bought a book and a notebook.	Ali bought a book and also he bought a notebook.	Do not repeat subject unnecessarily.
But	She is poor but hardworking.	She is poor but also hardworking.	Do not use “also” with but.
Or	You may choose tea or coffee.	You may choose tea or coffee also.	Or shows choice, not addition.
Nor	He neither ate nor drank.	He neither ate or drank.	Use “nor” with neither.
Either…or	Either Sara or Ayesha will present.	Either Sara nor Ayesha will present.	Use “or” with either.
Neither…nor	Neither the teacher nor the students were late.	Neither the teacher or the students were late.	Use “nor” with neither.
So	It was cold, so we stayed inside.	It was cold so we stayed inside because it was cold.	Avoid double reason/result structure.
Therefore	He was ill; therefore, he missed the exam.	He was ill; therefore but he missed the exam.	Do not combine “therefore” with but.
Hence	He was careless; hence, he failed.	He was careless; hence but he failed.	“Hence” already shows result.
Still	She was tired, still she finished her work.	She was tired, still but she finished her work.	Do not add “but” with still.
Yet	He is rich, yet he is unhappy.	He is rich yet but unhappy.	Do not use “but” with yet.
As	As it was raining, we stayed home.	As it was raining, so we stayed home.	Do not use “so” with as.
So that	He studied hard so that he could pass.	He studied hard so that he can pass.	Use “could/might/would” for past purpose.
In order that	She works hard in order that she may succeed.	She works hard in order that she can succeed.	Use may/might for formal purpose.
Before	Finish your work before you go out.	Finish your work before you will go out.	Use present tense after before.
After	He left after he finished his work.	He left after he had finish his work.	Use correct past form.
As soon as	As soon as he arrived, we left.	As soon as he will arrive, we will leave.	Do not use future after as soon as.
Even if	I will go even if it rains.	I will go even if it will rain.	Use present tense after even if.
Rather than	I prefer reading rather than watching TV.	I prefer reading rather than to watch TV.	Use base form after rather than.
Whether…or	I don’t know whether he will come or not.	I don’t know whether he will come nor not.	Use “or”, not “nor”.
Provided that	You can go provided that you finish your work.	You can go provided if you finish your work.	Use “provided that”, not “provided if”.
As if	He behaves as if he knows everything.	He behaves as if he know everything.	Correct verb form required.
As though	He speaks as though he were a leader.	He speaks as though he was a leader.	Use “were” for unreal condition.
Only if	You will pass only if you study hard.	You will pass only if you will study hard.	Do not use future after if.
Lest	Work hard lest you should fail.	Work hard lest you fail.	Use “should” in formal English.
Even though	Even though he tried, he failed.	Even though he tried but he failed.	Do not use “but” with even though.
In case	Take an umbrella in case it rains.	Take an umbrella in case it will rain.	Use present tense after in case.
Now that	Now that he is here, we can start.	Now that he was here, we can start.	Use present form for current situation.
No sooner…than	No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.	No sooner he arrived than it started raining.	Use had + past participle.
Hardly…when	Hardly had I reached home when it started raining.	Hardly I reached home when it started raining.	Use had + past participle.
Scarcely…when	Scarcely had they left when it began to snow.	Scarcely they left when it began to snow.	Use had + past participle.
Not only…but also	Not only does he sing but also dances well.	Not only he sings and also he dances.	Use “but also”, not “and also”.

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Preposition

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun. It shows the relationship of that noun or pronoun with other words in the sentence.

Function of Preposition

A preposition connects a noun or pronoun with a verb or another part of the sentence and shows relation such as place, time, direction, position, or movement.

Types of Prepositions

• Prepositions of Time
• Prepositions of Place
• Prepositions of Direction
• Prepositions of Position/Location
• Prepositions of Spatial Relationship
• Prepositional Phrases
• No Preposition (Fixed Verb Rule)

Common Prepositions

from, of, off, since, for, with, in, at, on, upon, onto, to, towards, under, below, beneath, between, among, behind, beside, across, through, around, inside, outside, before, after, during, until, up to, down, over, above, via

No Preposition Rule (Fixed Verb Rule)

Some verbs do not need any preposition because they already take a direct object. Adding a preposition makes the sentence incorrect.

1. Direct Action Rule

A transitive verb directly takes its object without any preposition.

Examples:

• I reached the bus stop. (Correct)
• I reached at the bus stop. (Incorrect)

• We discussed the matter. (Correct)
• We discussed about the matter. (Incorrect)

• She resembles her mother. (Correct)
• She resembles to her mother. (Incorrect)

• He entered the hall. (Correct)
• He entered into the hall. (Incorrect)

2. Object Test Rule

If you can ask “what?” or “whom?” after a verb and get a direct answer, no preposition is needed.

Example:

• They attacked the village.
Question: Attacked what? Answer: The village
So, no preposition is required.

3. Exceptions (Verb and Noun Usage Difference)

Some words change structure when used as a noun or verb.

• Emphasize
Verb: I want to emphasize this idea.
Noun: There is emphasis on this idea.

• Attack
Verb: They attacked the border area.
Noun: There was an attack on the border.

• Marry
Verb: He married her.
Adjective form: He is married to her.

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Types of Prepositions

Preposition of Time
Shows when something happens.
Examples: in, on, at, since, for, before, after, during

Example sentences:
• I will meet you at 5 o’clock.
• She was born in 2005.
• We studied during the night.

Preposition of Place
Shows location of something.

Examples: in, on, at, under, above, between, behind

Example sentences:
• The book is on the table.
• The cat is under the chair.
• He is at the door.

Preposition of Direction
Shows movement from one place to another.

Examples: to, into, onto, towards, across, up, down

Example sentences:
• She walked to school.
• The boy jumped into the river.
• They moved towards the city.

Preposition of Position/Location
Shows exact position.

Examples: at, in, on

Example sentences:
• He is in the room.
• The keys are on the table.
• She is at the gate.

Prepositions of Spatial Relationship
Shows relation between two things in space.

Examples: beside, next to, in front of, opposite, near

Example sentences:
• The bank is next to the school.
• The car is in front of the house.
• He sat beside me.

Prepositional Phrases
A group of words starting with a preposition.

Examples:
• in the classroom
• on the roof
• under the bridge
• at the station

Word	Active Verb (Direct Use)	As a Noun (with Preposition)	Passive Form

Attack

USA attacked Afghanistan in 2001.

An attack on Afghanistan took place.

Afghanistan was attacked by the USA.

Approach

He approached the goal step by step.

His approach to the goal was slow.

The goal was approached carefully.

Avoid

I avoid smoking daily.

Avoidance of smoking is good.

Smoking is avoided by me.

Answer

Answer the questions quickly.

Give an answer to the questions.

The questions were answered.

Advise

She advised him yesterday.

She gave advice to him.

He was advised by her.

Board

He boarded the bus.

The boarding of the bus started.

The bus was boarded.

Compliment

He complimented her dress.

A compliment on her dress was given.

Her dress was complimented.

Comprise

The class comprises 30 students.

The class consists of 30 students.

The class is comprised of 30 students.

Consider

We consider the case carefully.

Give consideration to the case.

The case was considered.

Contact

They contacted me yesterday.

They had contact with me.

I was contacted.

Congratulate

I congratulated him on success.

Congratulations on success!

He was congratulated.

Deny

He denied the allegation.

A denial of the allegation.

The allegation was denied.

Describe

I described the scene.

A description of the scene.

The scene was described.

Discuss

We discussed the matter.

A discussion about the matter.

The matter was discussed.

Demand

He demanded money.

A demand for money.

Money was demanded.

Enter

He entered the room quietly.

An entry into the room.

The room was entered.

Emphasize

I emphasize this point.

Emphasis is placed on this point.

This point was emphasized.

Explain

He explained the lesson.

An explanation of the lesson.

The lesson was explained.

Face

She faces problems daily.

In the face of problems.

Problems are faced by her.

Hate

I hate dishonesty.

A hatred for dishonesty.

Dishonesty is hated.

Inform

I informed him.

Information was given to him.

He was informed.

Investigate

Police investigated the case.

An investigation into the case.

The case was investigated.

Like

She likes reading books.

A liking for books.

Books are liked by her.

Love

They love their parents.

Love for parents exists.

Parents are loved.

Lack

They lack experience.

A lack of experience exists.

(No proper passive form)

Next

We meet next week.

The next meeting is scheduled.

(No passive form)

Obey

Obey your teacher.

Obedience to the teacher.

The teacher must be obeyed.

Meet

I want to meet you.

A meeting with you.

You were met.

Resemble

She resembles her mother.

A resemblance to her mother.

(No passive form)

Order

I ordered food.

An order for food.

Food was ordered.

Pass

He passed the exam.

The passing of the exam.

The exam was passed.

Qualify

He qualified the test.

Qualification for the test.

The test was qualified.

Return

He returned home.

The return of the guest.

The guest was returned.

Read

She reads books daily.

A reading of books.

Books are read.

Reach

He reached home safely.

Within reach of home.

Home was reached.

Request

They requested help.

A request for help.

Help was requested.

Resign

She resigned her job.

Resignation from job.

The job was resigned.

Sign

He signed the document.

Signature on document.

The document was signed.

Tell

Tell me the truth.

The telling of truth.

I was told the truth.

Thank

She thanked him.

Thanks were given.

He was thanked.

Visit

She visited the city.

A visit to the city.

The city was visited.

Watch

I watch movies.

A watch over the area.

Movies are watched.

Succeed

He succeeded the king.

Succession to the throne.

The king was succeeded.

Acknowledge

Acknowledge the letter.

Acknowledgment of letter.

The letter was acknowledged.

Contradict

He contradicted me.

A contradiction of words.

I was contradicted.

Inspect

They inspected the building.

Inspection of building.

The building was inspected.

Approve

The manager approved the plan.

Approval of the plan.

The plan was approved.

Oppose

We opposed the decision.

Opposition to the decision.

The decision was opposed.

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Fixed Preposition: “TO”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Adapt to	You must adapt to new conditions.
Add to	Add some sugar to the tea.
Apologize to	I apologized to my teacher.
Agree to	He agreed to the proposal.
Consent to	She consented to the operation.
Devote to	He devoted his time to study.
Happen to	What happened to your phone?
Lead to	Hard work leads to success.
Object to	They object to the new rule.
React to	She reacted to the news quickly.
Refer to	Please refer to page one.
Reply to	I will reply to your message.
Speak to	I need to speak to him.
Turn to	She turned to her friend for help.

Fixed Preposition: “FOR”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Admire for	I admire him for his honesty.
Apologize for	He apologized for his mistake.
Apply for	She applied for a job.
Ask for	They asked for water.
Blame for	Don’t blame me for this issue.
Excuse for	There is no excuse for lying.
Head for	We are heading for home.
Pay for	I paid for the food.
Pray for	We pray for your success.
Prepare for	Prepare for your exams.
Scold for	She scolded him for being late.
Search for	They searched for the keys.
Vote for	I voted for the best candidate.

Fixed Preposition: “FROM”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Borrow from	I borrowed money from him.
Escape from	The thief escaped from jail.
Graduate from	He graduated from college.
Hide from	Don’t hide the truth from me.
Infer from	What do you infer from this?
Prevent from	Rain prevented us from going out.
Protect from	Wear sunscreen to protect from heat.
Recover from	He is recovering from illness.
Rescue from	They rescued him from danger.
Resign from	She resigned from her job.
Retire from	He retired from service.
Save from	Save children from harm.
Separate from	Separate wheat from rice.
Stem from	Problems stem from poor planning.
Suffer from	He suffers from fever.

Fixed Preposition: “ABOUT”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Argue about	Don’t argue about small issues.
Ask about	He asked about your health.
Be about	The book is about history.
Boast about	Don’t boast about success.
Care about	I care about your future.
Concern about	We are concerned about safety.
Decide about	Have you decided about travel?
Dream about	I dreamed about flying.
Forget about	Forget about past mistakes.
Know about	Do you know about the exam?
Laugh about	We laughed about the joke.
Protest about	They protested about prices.
Think about	Think about your career.
Worry about	Don’t worry about results.

Rule:
Certain verbs always use specific prepositions. These combinations are fixed and cannot be changed.

Fixed Preposition: “AT”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Aim at	Aim at the target carefully.
Arrive at	We arrived at the airport late.
Glance at	He glanced at his watch quickly.
Guess at	Try to guess at the answer.
Laugh at	Don’t laugh at others’ mistakes.
Look at	Look at the sky tonight.
Marvel at	We marveled at the view.
Peer at	She peered at the small text.
Point at	Don’t point at anyone.
Smile at	The child smiled at me.
Stare at	It is rude to stare at people.
Wink at	He winked at his friend.

Fixed Preposition: “IN”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Arrive in	They arrived in Karachi yesterday.
Believe in	Do you believe in honesty?
Confide in	She confided in her best friend.
Implicate in	He was implicated in the case.
Involve in	Don’t involve in unnecessary fights.
Participate in	She will participate in the contest.
Result in	Hard work results in success.
Specialize in	He specializes in medicine.
Trust in	Trust in your abilities.
Succeed in	He succeeded in his exam.
Engage in	They engaged in discussion.
Absorb in	She was absorbed in study.

Fixed Preposition: “ON”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Base on	This story is based on truth.
Concentrate on	Concentrate on your studies.
Congratulate on	I congratulated him on success.
Count on	You can count on me.
Depend on	Success depends on hard work.
Elaborate on	Please elaborate on your idea.
Insist on	She insisted on going alone.
Play on	He played on emotions cleverly.
Rely on	We rely on technology today.
Pride on	He prides on his honesty.
Comment on	Don’t comment on personal matters.

Fixed Preposition: “WITH”

Verb + Preposition	Example Sentence
Associate with	Don’t associate with bad company.
Acquaint with	Get acquainted with rules.
Charge with	He was charged with theft.
Compare with	Don’t compare me with others.
Comply with	You must comply with rules.
Confront with	He was confronted with evidence.
Confuse with	Don’t confuse me with him.
Cover with	Cover the food with cloth.
Deal with	I can deal with this problem.
Discuss with	Discuss this matter with me.
Help with	Help me with homework.
Tamper with	Don’t tamper with the lock.
Trust with	I trust you with secrets.
Agree with	I agree with your idea.

With / To: Usually used with a Person
At / For / About / In: Usually used with a Thing, Action or Place

Prepositions of Place (in, on, at)

We usually understand places in different ways:

• At → specific point / small or fixed place

• In → inside a space or area

• On → surface of something

Examples

• I live at Gujranwala in Pakistan.

• I will meet you at the university.

• They are sitting at a café in Lahore.

• The guard is standing at the gate.

• The book is on the table.

• We met at the park.

• She is sitting in the car.

• The buses are waiting at the bus stop.

• They celebrated the event at a hotel in Gujrat.

• She is studying in the classroom at school.

• The ball is on the table.

• Please sit on the chair.

• He is on a phone call.

• Shaheen Afridi is on fire.

• He is working on a computer.

• The ball is in the box.

• I live in Pakistan.

• I live in Gujranwala.

• Children were swimming in the river.

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Prepositions of Time

We use different prepositions for time:

• At → exact time (Hours, Minutes, Seconds) / festivals

• In → months, years, parts of day (Calendar) 

• On → days and dates

• Since → starting point of time

• For → duration of time

Examples

• I go to Lahore at 8 o’clock.

• See you in the morning.

• See you in the evening.

• See you in the afternoon.

• I sleep at night.

• It has been raining since yesterday.

• She has lived here for 10 days.

• I will meet you at Eid.

• I will meet you on Eid day.

• I will come at 5 pm.

• My exams are in June.

• She is getting married in December.

• The car was launched in 2022.

• My father will arrive on 3rd June.

• I will come on Monday.

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Prepositions of Direction

Direction shows movement from one place to another:

• To → movement towards a place

• Into → entering inside

• Onto → moving onto a surface

• From → starting point

• Through → passing inside

• Off → moving away

Examples

• I am going to school.

• He travels to school by car.

• She came to meet me.

• I gave the money to him.

• The ball moved towards the boundary.

• We are going towards the station.

• Our class runs from 7 to 8 pm.

• There were about 300 people in the hall.

• She is coming from school.

• I copied it from the book.

• I heard it from Ali.

• The cat jumped onto the table.

• He fell into the water.

• The snake went into its hole.

• She looked through the window.

• I can see you through this pipe.

• The boy jumped off the tree.

• He got off the bus.

• Move the cup off the table.

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Prepositions of Position
(in, on, off, above, over, under, below, beneath, underneath)

We use prepositions of position to explain where something is placed.

Basic idea of positions
Left / Right / Front / Back → direction reference
Under → lower position
Above → higher position
On → surface contact
In → inside or enclosed space

1. Under / Below / Above (Level Position)

   Used when one thing is at a different level than another. Things are not fully touched and no movement it is for level. There is no full covering.

Examples
The dog is sleeping under the bed.
A lamp is hanging above the table.
Many people live below the poverty line.

2. Beneath / Underneath / Over (Height or Covering Position)

   Used when something is directly under or over another object. It may involve covering or support.

Examples
The valley lies beneath the mountains.
He placed a sheet over the patient.
A bridge is built over the river.

3. On (Surface Contact)

   Used when something is touching a surface.

Examples
The pen is on the table.
The book is on the shelf.
He kept his bag on the chair.

4. In (Inside / Contained Position)

   Used when something is inside or enclosed.

Examples
The coins are in the box.
She is in the room.
The papers are in the drawer.

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Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb with a preposition or adverb that creates a new meaning different from the original verb.

Example
Call off means to cancel
The match was called off due to rain.

Give in means to surrender
He finally gave in after pressure.

Common verbs used in phrasal verbs
Come, Get, Look, Put, Take, Break, Call, Turn, Give, Keep

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Phrasal Verbs with Come

Come Across
To find something by chance
I came across an old photo in a drawer.
He comes across as very polite.

Come About
To happen
How did this problem come about?
To change direction (sailing use)
The boat came about to avoid danger.

Come Along
To progress
The work is coming along well.
To join someone
You can come along with us.
To appear
A better opportunity will come along.

Come By
To get something rare
Good jobs are hard to come by.
To visit briefly
Please come by my house.

Come Down
To decrease
Prices may come down soon.
To pass through generations
This tradition has come down for years.

Come Down With
To become ill
I think I am coming down with flu.

Come Forward
To offer help or information
No one came forward as a witness.

Come In
To enter
Please come in and sit down.
To become popular
This style is coming in again.

Come Into
To inherit
He came into a large property.

Come Off
To succeed
The plan came off well.
To break or detach
The button came off the shirt.

Come On
To encourage
Come on, try again.
To start working
The lights come on automatically.

Come Out
To be published or released
The results came out today.
To become visible
The stars came out at night.

Come Round / Around
To regain consciousness
He came round after fainting.
To change opinion
She came around to our idea.
To visit
Come round for tea.

Come To
To total amount
The bill comes to 1000 rupees.
To regain consciousness
He came to after some time.

Come Through
To survive or succeed
They came through the hard time.
The approval came through today.

Come Up
To happen or arise
Something urgent has come up.
To be mentioned
Your name came up in discussion.
To approach
A man came up to me.

Come Up With
To think of or create
She came up with a good idea.

Come Upon
To find by chance
We came upon a hidden place.

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Essential Phrasal Verbs Guide

1. Phrasal Verbs of “GET”

2. Get Across

   Meaning: Apni baat ko sahi tarah dosro tak pohanchana (To communicate clearly).

Example: The manager used simple charts to get his strategy across to the team.

Meaning: Ek taraf se dosri taraf jana (To cross to the other side).

Example: Due to heavy traffic, it took us an hour to get across the bridge.

2. Get Along / Get On

   Meaning: Achi dosti ya banti hona (To have a friendly relationship).

 Example: Fortunately, I get along perfectly with my new office colleagues.

Meaning: Kisi kaam mein tarakki ya progress karna (To make progress).

Example: How are you getting on with your new computer course?

3. Get At

   Meaning: Kisi baat ki taraf ishara karna (To suggest or imply implicitly).

Example: I don’t understand the main point you are trying to get at.

Meaning: Kisi cheez tak pohanch paana (To reach or access).

Example: Put the cleaning liquids high up where pets cannot get at them.

Meaning: Asal sachai ka pata lagana (To discover the underlying truth).

 Example: The investigation committee is trying hard to get at the root cause of the issue.

4. Get Away

   Meaning: Bach nikalna ya farar hona (To escape).

New Example: The shoplifter managed to get away into the crowded market.

Meaning: Chutiya guzarnay jana (To go on a vacation).

New Example: We are planning to get away to the northern areas next weekend.

5. Get Away With

   Meaning: Saza se bach nikalna (To escape punishment for a wrong deed).

 Example: You cannot get away with breaking traffic rules without paying a fine.

6. Get By

   Meaning: Kam paise ya resources mein guzara karna (To survive with limited resources).

Example: With rising inflation, it is tough to get by on just one basic salary.

Meaning: Kam maloomat ke sath kaam ch चलانا (To manage with limited knowledge).

 Example: He knows just enough Arabic to get by during his short visit.

7. Get Down

   Meaning: Kisi ko udas ya mayoos karna (To make someone depressed).

 Example: Continuous failures can easily get a student down, but consistency is key.

Meaning: Koi cheez likhna (To write something down).

Example: Let me get down your email address before I forget.

Meaning: Mushkil se nigalna (To swallow with difficulty).

Example: The syrup tasted so bitter that the child could barely get it down.

8. Get Down To

   Meaning: Kisi kaam ko sanjidgi se shuru karna (To start focusing seriously).

Example: Enough chatting! Let’s get down to our exam preparation now.

9. Get In

   Meaning: Gari ya jahaz ka pohanchana (To arrive).

Example: What time does the train from Rawalpindi get in?

Meaning: Kisi college ya university mein dakhla milna (To be admitted).

Example: She scored top marks and managed to get in to the medical college.

Meaning: Koi application ya document jama karwana (To submit).

Example: All candidates must get their documents in before the closing date.

10. Get Into

    Meaning: Kisi cheez mein dilchaspi lena shuru karna (To become interested in).

Example: Lately, he has got into learning online freelancing skills.

Meaning: Kisi buri surathal ya mushkil mein phansna (To get involved in a bad situation).

Example: He got into a serious legal trouble by trusting the wrong people.

11. Get Off

    Meaning: Gari, bus ya train se utarna (To leave a vehicle).

 Example: Remember to get off the bus at the final station.

Meaning: Kam saza par chut jana (To receive little or no punishment).

 Example: Since it was his first minor mistake, the officer let him get off with a warning.

Meaning: Duty ya kaam khatam kar ke nikalna (To finish work for the day).

Example: I usually get off from the office around 5:00 PM.

12. Get On

    Meaning: Gari, bus ya train par sawaar hona (To board a vehicle).

 Example: We carefully got on the moving bus.

Meaning: Kisi kaam ko jari rakhna (To continue doing something).

 Example: Stop wasting time on social media and get on with your studies.

Meaning: Umar ka barhna ya boorha hona (To grow old).

 Example: My grandfather is getting on in years, but he is still very active.

13. Get Out Of

    Meaning: Kisi zimmadari se jaan churana (To avoid a duty or responsibility).

 Example: You cannot get out of taking the final evaluation test.

Meaning: Kisi buri aadat ko chorna (To stop a regular habit).

Example: It is highly beneficial to get out of the habit of sleeping late.

14. Get Over

    Meaning: Bemari ya dukh se sehat-yab hona (To recover from illness or distress).

 Example: It took him almost two weeks to get over the severe typhoid fever.

Meaning: Kisi maslay par kabu pana (To overcome a problem).

Example: Through teamwork, we can easily get over these initial technical glitches.

15. Get Through

    Meaning: Imtihan pass karna (To pass an exam).

Example: With sheer hard work, he got through the competitive screening test.

Meaning: Kisi lambay kaam ko khatam karna (To finish a heavy task).

Example: We have a massive syllabus to get through before the exams start.

Meaning: Phone par rabta hona (To connect successfully by phone).

 Example: I tried dialing the helpline multiple times but couldn’t get through.

16. Get To

    Meaning: Kisi jagah pohanchana (To arrive at a destination).

 Example: What time did the chief guest get to the venue?

Meaning: Kisi ko tang ya pareshan karna (To annoy or affect someone).

Example: Don’t let their negative criticism get to you.

17. Get Together

    Meaning: Kisi samajgari ya tehwar par ikthay hona (To meet socially).

 Example: All our childhood friends get together every year on Eid.

18. Get Up

    Meaning: Bed se uthna (To wake up and leave one’s bed).

Example: I prefer to get up early in the morning for prayers.

Meaning: Khray hona (To stand up).

Example: The students got up immediately when the teacher entered the classroom.

2. Phrasal Verbs of “LOOK”

3. Look After

   Meaning: Dehbaal karna ya khayal rakhna (To take care of).

 Example: Parents work tirelessly to look after their children’s education and health.

Meaning: Kisi zimmadari ko sambhalna (To be responsible for).

Example: Ali was appointed to look after the financial accounts of the institute.

2. Look Ahead

   Meaning: Mustaqbil ke baray mein sochna aur plan karna (To think about the future).

Example: Successful candidates always look ahead and start preparing months before the test.

Meaning: Aane walay maslo ka pehle se andaza lagana (To anticipate problems).

Example: If you look ahead, you can save yourself from last-minute stress.

3. Look At

   Meaning: Kisi cheez ko ghor se dekhna ya janchalna (To examine or consider).

Example: The technician needs to look at the computer hardware to find the fault.

Meaning: Sarseeri tor par parhna ya check karna (To view or review quickly).

 Example: Could you please look at my resume and point out any errors?

Meaning: Kisi dosray nukta-e-nazar se sochna (To think about something from a specific perspective).

 Example: If you look at the situation from a practical angle, his decision was right.

4. Look Back

   Meaning: Maazi ke baray mein sochna (To think about the past).

 Example: When I look back at my school days, I realize how fast time flies.

Meaning: Pachtawa karna ya rukna (To regret or hesitate after a decision).

 Example: Once you step into competitive exams, stay focused and never look back.

5. Look Down On / Upon

   Meaning: Kisi ko apne se kamtar samjhana (To feel superior or consider someone inferior).

 Example: True moral values teach us never to look down on anyone based on their job.

6. Look For

   Meaning: Talash karna (To search for something lost or needed).

 Example: I am looking for the latest syllabus book; let me know if you find it.

Meaning: Kisi achi umeed ya expectation rakhna (To expect or hope for).

Example: The academy is looking for a brilliant performance from all of you this session.

7. Look Forward To

   Meaning: Kisi aane walay achay maukay ka khushi se intezar karna (To anticipate with pleasure).

Note: Iske baad hamesha Gerund (V-ing) ya Noun aata hai.

 Example: The candidates are looking forward to appearing in the final interview.

Example: We look forward to hearing positive news from the department soon.

8. Look In On

   Meaning: Kisi ki khairiat maloom karne ke liye thori dair ke liye jana (To visit briefly).

Example: I will look in on my sick friend on my way back home from the academy.

9. Look Into

   Meaning: Tafteesh ya tehkeekat karna (To investigate or research).

Example: The senior officials are looking into the transparency of the recruitment process.

Example: The department is looking into the possibility of announcing new vacant seats.

10. Look On

    Meaning: Sirf tamashbi ban kar dekhna, hissa na lena (To watch without participating).

 Example: While two people were arguing on the road, the crowd simply looked on.

Meaning: Kisi ko ek khas rishtay ya niyat se dekhna (To consider someone in a certain way).

Example: The teacher has always looked on his students as his own children.

11. Look Out

    Meaning: Hoshiyar ya khabardar rehna (To be careful / alert).

 Example: Look out! The floor is wet and slippery.

Meaning: Kisi khas nishani ya cheez ko talash karna (To watch out for something specific).

 Example: Keep driving and look out for a green signboard on the highway.

12. Look Out For

    Meaning: Kisi ka khayal rakhna ya hifazat karna (To protect or take care of someone).

 Example: Good friends always look out for each other during tough times.

Meaning: Ghaltiyo ya khamiyo par nazar rakhna (To be alert for specific errors).

 Example: Always look out for grammatical mistakes while proofreading your answer sheet.

13. Look Over

    Meaning: Kisi cheez ka muayna karna ya check karna (To inspect or examine).

Example: Kindly look over the application form details before submitting it online.

Meaning: Nazar-andaz kar dena (To ignore or overlook for a position).

Example: He was looked over for the team captaincy despite being the senior-most player.

14. Look Round / Around

    Meaning: Kisi jagah ka daura karna aur cheezain dekhna (To visit a place and explore).

Example: The tourists spent the entire morning looking around the historic Lahore Fort.

Meaning: Gardan ghumana ya peechay dekhna (To turn one’s head).

Example: He looked round instantly when he heard a sudden loud noise behind him.

15. Look Through

    Meaning: Boht sari cheezon mein se kuch dhoondna (To examine a collection).

Example: I looked through my entire file cabinet but couldn’t locate the degree certificate.

Meaning: Jaldi se parhna (To read or skim quickly).

Example: I just had a few minutes to look through the main bullet points of the current affairs notes.

Meaning: Jaan boojh kar nazar-andaz kar dena (To ignore someone intentionally).

Example: I tried to greet him in the hallway, but he looked right through me.

16. Look To

    Meaning: Kisi se madad ya umeed lagana (To rely on or expect help from).

 Example: Citizens always look to the administration for maintaining law and order.

Meaning: Apni cheezon ya hifazat ka dhyan rakhna (To attend to or consider).

 Example: In competitive eras, we must look to our own skillset and improve it daily.

17. Look Up

    Meaning: Kitab ya internet par koi maloomat dhoondna (To search for information).

Example: If you find a new English phrase, immediately look it up in a standard dictionary.

Meaning: Halaat ka behtar hona (To improve or show progress).

 Example: After months of struggle, things are finally starting to look up for his startup business.

Meaning: Kisi se mulaqat karne jana (To visit someone).

 Example: Do look me up whenever you plan a visit to Lahore.

18. Look Up To

    Meaning: Kisi ki izzat aur tareef karna (To admire and respect someone as a role model).

Example: Millions of young Pakistani students look up to successful CSS/PPSC officers.

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3. Phrasal Verbs of “PUT”

4. Put Across

   Meaning: Apne khayalat asani se samjhana (To communicate an idea clearly).

 Example: An expert teacher knows how to put across difficult mathematical concepts easily.

Meaning: Apne aap ko ek khas andaz mein pesh karna (To represent oneself).

Example: During interviews, he always puts himself across as an energetic professional.

2. Put Aside

   Meaning: Paise ya waqt bachana (To save money or time for future use).

Example: Smart individuals always put aside a part of their monthly income for emergency expenses.

Meaning: Ikhtilafat ko bhool jana (To ignore or set aside disagreements).

 Example: Both political parties decided to put aside their rivalries for national progress.

3. Put Away

   Meaning: Cheez ko uski sahi jagah par wapas rakhna (To return something to its proper place).

 Example: After finishing your self-study, please put away your notebooks into the drawer.

Meaning: Jail bhejna (To imprison someone for crimes).

Example: The culprits were put away for life due to their involvement in fraud.

4. Put Back

   Meaning: Kisi cheez ko wapas uski pehli wali jagah rakhna (To return to the original place).

Example: Please put the attendance register back on the coordinator’s desk.

Meaning: Kisi meeting ya event ko agay barhana / muakhraj karna (To delay or postpone).

Example: The departmental test has been put back by two weeks due to public holidays.

5. Put Down

   Meaning: Hath se koi cheez nichay rakhna (To stop holding something).

Example: You can put down your heavy bags on the table.

Meaning: Taaqat se kisi fasad ya baghawat ko kuchalna (To suppress by force).

 Example: The local police quickly moved in to put down the violent protest.

Meaning: Kisi ki be-izzati ya tanqeed karna (To insult or criticize someone).

 Example: A professional leader never puts his subordinates down in front of others.

Meaning: Naam ya details likhna (To record or write something).

 Example: Please put down your CNIC number and full name on the attendance sheet.

6. Put Forward

   Meaning: Koi tajaweez ya idea pesh karna (To suggest an idea, plan, or candidate).

Example: The senior supervisor put forward an excellent strategy to boost video views.

Meaning: Clock ka waqt agay karna (To move a clock to an earlier or advanced time).

Example: Some countries put their clocks forward during the summer season.

7. Put In

   Meaning: Koi naya system ya appliance install karna (To install something).

Example: We are getting a new backup generator put in at the academy campus tomorrow.

Meaning: Waqt ya mehnat lagana (To spend time or effort).

Example: He puts in nearly 8 hours of dedicated study every day for his upcoming test.

Meaning: Koi rasmi darkhwast ya application jama karwana (To submit a formal request).

Example: The clerk has put in an official request for his annual leaves.

8. Put Off

   Meaning: Kaam ko aage par tall dena (To postpone or delay).

Example: Never put off your daily revision tasks until the weekend; do it regularly.

Meaning: Dil bura karna ya bad-guman karna (To discourage or cause dislike).

Example: The rude behavior of the receptionist put the visitors off completely.

9. Put On

   Meaning: Kapray, jootay ya chashma pehanna (To dress oneself).

 Example: He put on his formal uniform before heading out for the interview.

Meaning: Koi show, play ya event organize karna (To organize or perform a show).

Example: The educational institute is putting on a grand seminar on career counseling next month.

Meaning: Wazan ka barhna (To gain weight).

Example: He has put on a few pounds since he paused his daily gym routine.

Meaning: Jhoot moot ka natak ya bahana karna (To pretend or deceive).

Example: She isn’t genuinely shocked; she is just putting it on for attention.

10. Put Out

    Meaning: Aag ya roshni ko bujhana (To extinguish fire or light).

 Example: It took multiple fire engines to completely put out the chemical warehouse fire.

Meaning: Kisi ko takleef ya zehmat dena (To annoy or inconvenience someone).

 Example: I hope I am not putting you out by requesting an immediate meeting.

Meaning: Koi magazine, book ya newsletter shaye karna (To publish or produce content).

 Example: The recruitment board puts out a detailed notification for every new job vacancy.

11. Put Through

    Meaning: Phone line mila kar dena (To connect someone by phone).

Example: Hold the line for a moment, let me put you through to the director.

Meaning: Kisi ko mushkil daur ya sakht daur se guzaarna (To make someone experience something difficult).

 Example: The academy puts its students through extensive mock tests to ensure success.

Meaning: Parhai ke akhrajaat uthana (To pay for someone’s education).

Example: His elder brother did part-time jobs to put him through university.

12. Put Together

    Meaning: Part-part jor kar cheez banana (To assemble or collect parts).

Example: It took us two hours to put together the new study desk components.

Meaning: Koi group, committee ya plan tayyar karna (To organize a group or plan).

Example: The management is putting together a special batch for upcoming law exams.

13. Put Up

    Meaning: Koi imarat ya structure khra karna (To build or erect a structure).

 Example: The construction company is putting up a massive commercial plaza on the main road.

Meaning: Kisi ko raat ruknay ki jagah dena (To provide lodging or accommodation).

Example: Don’t worry about booking a hotel; we can easily put you up at our house.

Meaning: Keematon mein izafa karna (To increase prices).

 Example: Utility companies have put up the tariff rates once again this quarter.

14. Put Up With

    Meaning: Kisi ki buri baat ya sakhti ko bardasht karna (To tolerate or endure patiently).

 Example: No professional should have to put up with abusive behavior at the workplace.

15. Put Upon

    Meaning: Kisi ki sharafat ya bhalai ka najaiz faida uthana (To take advantage of someone’s kindness).

Example: Because he never says no, he often feels put upon by his lazy team members.

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