Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC)
Competitive Examination for Recruitment to BPS-17 Posts under the Federal Government
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
MAXIMUM MARKS: 100 Marks
Paper : Criminology
PART-I (Objective) 20 Marks
1. Who is known as the “Father of Modern Criminology”?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Beccaria
(C) Sutherland
(D) None of these
Answer: A (Note: Cesare Lombroso is widely regarded as the father of modern/positivist criminology, though Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo were also key figures of the Italian school.)
2. “Anomie” is associated with:
(A) Durkheim
(B) Freud
(C) Hirschi
(D) None of these
Answer: A
3. Penology deals with the study of:
(A) Causes of crime
(B) Punishment and prisons
(C) Victim rights
(D) All of these
Answer: B
4. Which theory states “people commit crime due to blocked opportunities”?
(A) Strain Theory
(B) Labeling Theory
(C) Conflict Theory
(D) None of these
Answer: A
5. The Broken Windows Theory is associated with:
(A) Beccaria
(B) Hirschi
(C) Becker
(D) None of these
Answer: D (Note: Broken Windows theory was formulated by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling.)
6. The term “White-Collar Crime” was coined by:
(A) Reckless
(B) Cohen
(C) Sutherland
(D) None of these
Answer: C
7. The routine activity theory emphasizes:
(A) Motivated offender
(B) Suitable target
(C) Absence of capable guardian
(D) All of these
Answer: D
8. A crime committed without criminal intent is known as:
(A) Mens rea
(B) Strict liability
(C) Mala prohibita
(D) All of these
Answer: B
9. “Mala in se” crimes are:
(A) Wrong because they are prohibited
(B) Wrong in themselves
(C) Civil wrongs
(D) None of these
Answer: B
10. The first modern police force was established in:
(A) USA
(B) France
(C) England
(D) None of these
Answer: C (Note: The Metropolitan Police of London, established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, is widely recognized as the first modern municipal police force.)
11. The term actus reus means:
(A) Criminal intent
(B) Criminal act
(C) Defense
(D) All of these
Answer: B
12. Forensic pathology deals with:
(A) Dead bodies
(B) DNA analysis
(C) Fingerprints
(D) None of these
Answer: A
13. According to Freud, criminality arises from imbalance in:
(A) Ego, Id, Superego
(B) Body fluids
(C) Strength
(D) All of these
Answer: A
14. Environmental criminology focuses on:
(A) Forest protection
(B) Crime locations and patterns
(C) Weather/Climate
(D) All of these
Answer: B
15. The psychological test for deception is:
(A) Narco test
(B) DNA
(C) Fingerprint
(D) None of these
Answer: D (Note: Standard tests for deception include the Polygraph test, whereas Narco-analysis is a pharmacological method, and DNA/fingerprints are biological identification methods rather than psychological deception tests. Thus, “None of these” correctly applies since polygraph is not listed.)
16. A criminal’s signature refers to:
(A) Unique ritualistic behaviour
(B) Fingerprints
(C) Legal signature
(D) None of these
Answer: A (Note: In criminal profiling and forensic science, a criminal’s “signature” refers to behaviors committed by the offender that are not necessary to complete the crime but serve their psychological or emotional needs.)
17. Labeling Theory was proposed by:
(A) Cohen
(B) Freud
(C) Becker
(D) None of these
Answer: C (Note: Howard Becker is a primary figure associated with labeling theory, alongside Edwin Lemert.)
18. Predictive policing uses:
(A) Data analytics
(B) Astrology
(C) Guesswork
(D) All of these
Answer: A
19. The M’Naghten Rule relates to:
(A) Eyewitness
(B) Bail
(C) Insanity defense
(D) None of these
Answer: C
20. Eyewitness testimony is:
(A) Always accurate
(B) Fully Scientific
(C) Not allowed
(D) None of these
Answer: D (Note: Eyewitness testimony is fallible, prone to memory distortion or bias, and is neither always accurate nor fully scientific; thus, “None of these” is correct.)
PART-II (Subjective) 80 Marks
Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II by selecting ONE question from EACH SECTION. (20×4)
PART-II
SECTION-A
Q. No. 2. How would you describe the criminological reasons behind the rise of misinformation and disinformation, especially during political conflicts? (20)
Q. No. 3. Explain how growing polarization among youth can contribute to hate crimes, using basic concepts from symbolic interactionism. (20)
SECTION-B
Q. No. 4. According to Conflict Theory, crime is a product of social inequality. In your opinion how relevant is this perspective for understanding the nature and patterns of crime in developing countries such as Pakistan. (20)
Q. No. 5. Discuss how emerging technologies such as deepfakes, quantum computing, and AI surveillance may influence the nature of crime in the coming decades. (20)
SECTION-C
Q. No. 6. Discuss how declining public trust in institutions can contribute to deviant behaviour, non-cooperation, and social resistance in Pakistani society. (20)
Q. No. 7. Analyze the contributions of UNODC and UNICEF in promoting criminal justice reforms, capacity-building, and child protection. Propose a strategic plan for Pakistan to leverage their programs for strengthening juvenile justice and anti-trafficking measures. (20)
SECTION-D
Q. No. 8. Suggest practical crime-prevention strategies suitable for densely populated urban areas in Pakistan. Discuss their feasibility and potential effectiveness. (20)
Q. No. 9. Identify the possible effects of Artificial Intelligence on employment, surveillance, and social inequality in Pakistan from a criminological perspective. (20)
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