Question No.7: Why is gypsum added to cement? Ans: To retard the setting time (about 2–3% is added).
Question No.8: What is the initial setting time of OPC? Ans: Not less than 30 minutes.
Question No.9: What is the final setting time of OPC? Ans: Not more than 600 minutes (10 hours).
Question No.10: Which apparatus is used to find the setting time of cement? Ans: Vicat apparatus.
Question No.11: How is the fineness of cement tested? Ans: By the Blaine air permeability test or the 90-micron sieve test.
Question No.12: Which apparatus tests the soundness of cement? Ans: Le Chatelier apparatus (or the autoclave test).
Question No.13: What is the specific gravity of OPC? Ans: About 3.15.
Question No.14: What is the normal range of standard consistency of cement? Ans: 26–33%.
Question No.15: Who gave the water-cement ratio law? Ans: Duff Abrams (1918).
Question No.16: Which test is most commonly used for the workability of concrete? Ans: The slump test.
Question No.17: What is the nominal mix ratio for M20 concrete? Ans: 1 : 1.5 : 3.
Question No.18: What is the nominal mix ratio for M15 concrete? Ans: 1 : 2 : 4.
Question No.19: What is the unit weight of plain concrete? Ans: 24 kN/m³; for RCC it is 25 kN/m³.
Question No.20: What is the unit weight (density) of steel? Ans: 7850 kg/m³.
Question No.21: What is the minimum curing period for OPC concrete? Ans: 7 days.
Question No.22: What is the standard cube size for testing concrete compressive strength? Ans: 150 mm cube (the cylinder size is 150 × 300 mm).
Question No.23: How is the characteristic strength of concrete defined? Ans: It is the strength below which not more than 5% of test results fall.
Question No.24: What is the modulus of elasticity of steel? Ans: 200 GPa (2 × 10⁵ N/mm²).
Question No.25: What is the seasoning of timber? Ans: Reducing the moisture content of timber to a safe level.
Question No.26: What causes dry rot in timber? Ans: Fungi.
Question No.27: Which sieve size separates fine and coarse aggregate? Ans: 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve).
Question No.28: What is the fineness modulus range of fine aggregate? Ans: 2.2 to 3.2.
Question No.29: At what moisture content is the bulking of sand at its maximum? Ans: About 4–6%.
Question No.30: Which lime sets under water? Ans: Hydraulic lime.
Question No.31: How is bitumen obtained? Ans: By fractional distillation of crude petroleum.
Question No.32: What is the common cement mortar ratio for brick masonry? Ans: 1:4 to 1:6 (cement : sand).
Question No.33: What is the fundamental principle of surveying? Ans: To work from the whole to the part.
Question No.34: What is the length of a Gunter’s chain? Ans: 66 ft (100 links); an Engineer’s chain is 100 ft.
Question No.35: Which instrument measures both horizontal and vertical angles? Ans: Theodolite.
Question No.36: Which instrument is used for levelling? Ans: Dumpy level or auto level.
Question No.37: What is a contour line? Ans: A line joining points of equal elevation.
Question No.38: When can contour lines cross each other? Ans: Only in the case of an overhanging cliff or a cave.
Question No.39: What is a benchmark? Ans: A fixed point of known elevation.
Question No.40: What is the range of a whole circle bearing? Ans: 0° to 360°, measured clockwise from north.
Question No.41: How is local attraction detected in compass surveying? Ans: The fore and back bearings of a line do not differ by exactly 180°.
Question No.42: What is the curvature correction in levelling? Ans: 0.0785 d² metres (d in km).
Question No.43: What is the combined curvature and refraction correction? Ans: 0.0673 d² metres (d in km).
Question No.44: What is plane table surveying? Ans: A graphical method in which plotting is done in the field at the same time as observation.
Question No.45: What does a total station combine? Ans: An electronic theodolite, an EDM and a microprocessor.
Question No.46: What is a back sight? Ans: The first staff reading taken on a point of known elevation after setting up the instrument.
Question No.47: What is the arithmetic check in levelling? Ans: ΣBS − ΣFS = Last RL − First RL.
Question No.48: Which soil classification system is most widely used? Ans: The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).
Question No.49: What is the particle size of clay? Ans: Less than 0.002 mm.
Question No.50: Which apparatus is used to find the liquid limit? Ans: Casagrande apparatus (or the cone penetrometer).
Question No.51: What is the plasticity index? Ans: PI = Liquid Limit − Plastic Limit.
Question No.52: What is void ratio? Ans: e = Volume of voids / Volume of solids.
Question No.53: What is the relation between porosity and void ratio? Ans: n = e / (1 + e).
Question No.54: What is the degree of saturation of a fully saturated soil? Ans: 100% (S = 1).
Question No.55: Which laboratory test finds the maximum dry density and OMC? Ans: The Proctor compaction test.
Question No.56: Which tests are used for field density? Ans: The sand replacement (sand cone) method and the core cutter method.
Question No.57: What does CBR stand for? Ans: California Bearing Ratio, which is used to evaluate subgrade strength.
Question No.58: Which soil has the highest permeability? Ans: Gravel.
Question No.59: Which permeability tests are used for coarse and fine soils? Ans: The constant head test for coarse soils and the falling head test for fine soils.
Question No.60: What is Darcy’s law? Ans: v = k·i (velocity = permeability × hydraulic gradient).
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ڈیلی فری ٹیسٹ سیریز اور آن لائن باقاعدہ تیاری سیشن کا حصہ بننے کے لیے ابھی ہمارا واٹس ایپ چینل جوائن کریں اور گھر بیٹھے امتحانات میں کامیابی حاصل کریں!
Question No.61: Who gave the theory of one-dimensional consolidation? Ans: Karl Terzaghi.
Question No.62: What is the effective stress principle? Ans: σ’ = σ − u (total stress minus pore water pressure).
Question No.63: When does a quick sand condition occur? Ans: When upward seepage reduces effective stress to zero; the critical gradient is i꜀ = (G − 1)/(1 + e) ≈ 1.
Question No.64: What is Coulomb’s shear strength equation? Ans: τ = c + σ tan φ.
Question No.65: Which soil is the unconfined compression test suitable for? Ans: Saturated clays (φ = 0).
Question No.66: What is the sensitivity of clay? Ans: Undisturbed strength divided by remoulded strength.
Question No.67: What is the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (Jaky)? Ans: K₀ = 1 − sin φ.
Question No.68: What is Rankine’s active earth pressure coefficient? Ans: Ka = (1 − sin φ)/(1 + sin φ) = tan²(45° − φ/2).
Question No.69: Which footings is Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory valid for? Ans: Shallow strip footings (Df ≤ B) under general shear failure.
Question No.70: How is the SPT N-value obtained? Ans: It is the number of blows for the last 300 mm of 450 mm penetration, using a 63.5 kg hammer dropped 750 mm.
Question No.71: How are piles classified by load transfer? Ans: End-bearing piles and friction piles.
Question No.72: When does negative skin friction occur? Ans: When the soil around a pile settles more than the pile itself (downdrag).
Question No.73: Which formula gives pile group efficiency? Ans: The Converse–Labarre formula.
Question No.74: How is safe bearing capacity calculated? Ans: Net ultimate bearing capacity divided by the factor of safety (2.5–3), plus overburden pressure.
Question No.75: Which clay mineral causes expansive (swelling) soils? Ans: Montmorillonite.
Question No.76: Which code governs RCC design under the Building Code of Pakistan? Ans: ACI 318 (Strength / Ultimate Strength Design).
Question No.77: What is the ACI strength reduction factor (φ) for tension-controlled flexure? Ans: 0.90.
Question No.78: What is the ACI φ for shear? Ans: 0.75.
Question No.79: What is the ACI φ for tied and spiral columns? Ans: 0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns.
Question No.80: What is the basic ACI load combination? Ans: U = 1.2D + 1.6L.
Question No.81: What are the minimum clear covers under ACI? Ans: 3/4″ (20 mm) for slabs, 1.5″ (40 mm) for beams and columns, and 3″ (75 mm) for footings cast against earth.
Question No.82: What is a balanced section? Ans: A section in which concrete reaches 0.003 strain at the same time as steel yields.
Question No.83: What is the maximum usable compressive strain of concrete under ACI? Ans: 0.003.
Question No.84: What is the Whitney stress block? Ans: A uniform stress of 0.85f’c over a depth a = β₁c.
Question No.85: What is the value of β₁ for f’c ≤ 4000 psi (28 MPa)? Ans: 0.85.
Question No.86: What is the ACI minimum flexural steel? Ans: As,min = (3√f’c / fy)·bw·d, but not less than (200/fy)·bw·d (psi units).
Question No.87: When is a doubly reinforced beam used? Ans: When depth is restricted and the moment exceeds the capacity of a singly reinforced section.
Question No.88: When is a slab designed as one-way? Ans: When the long span to short span ratio is ≥ 2.
Question No.89: How is shear reinforcement provided? Ans: As stirrups (vertical or inclined) and bent-up bars.
Question No.90: What is development length? Ans: The embedment length needed to develop the full design strength of a bar through bond.
Question No.91: What is the ACI limit for longitudinal steel in columns? Ans: 1% to 8% of the gross area.
Question No.92: What is the slenderness limit for an unbraced short column under ACI? Ans: kLu/r ≤ 22.
Question No.93: What is the minimum number of longitudinal bars in tied and spiral columns? Ans: 4 in tied rectangular columns and 6 in spiral columns.
Question No.94: What is the effective flange width of an interior T-beam under ACI? Ans: The least of L/4, bw + 16hf, and bw + clear spacing between beams.
Question No.95: What are the two methods of prestressing? Ans: Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning.
Question No.96: What are the main losses in prestress? Ans: Elastic shortening, creep, shrinkage, steel relaxation, friction and anchorage slip.
Question No.97: What is creep? Ans: Time-dependent deformation under sustained load.
Question No.98: What is the purpose of an expansion joint? Ans: To accommodate thermal expansion and contraction.
Question No.99: What is the maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam with UDL? Ans: wL²/8.
Question No.100: What is the maximum bending moment in a cantilever with UDL? Ans: wL²/2, at the fixed end.
Question No.101: What is the maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam with a central point load? Ans: PL/4.
Question No.102: What is the maximum deflection of a simply supported beam with UDL? Ans: 5wL⁴ / 384EI.
Question No.103: What is the deflection of a cantilever with a point load at the free end? Ans: PL³ / 3EI.
Question No.104: What are the end moments of a fixed beam with UDL? Ans: wL²/12 at the ends and wL²/24 at mid-span.
Question No.105: What is the point of contraflexure? Ans: The point where the bending moment changes sign (BM = 0).
Question No.106: What is the degree of static indeterminacy of a propped cantilever? Ans: One.
Question No.107: Who developed the moment distribution method? Ans: Hardy Cross.
Question No.108: Who gave the three-moment equation? Ans: Clapeyron.
Question No.109: What is Euler’s buckling load? Ans: P = π²EI / Le², where Le is 0.5L for fixed–fixed, L for pinned–pinned and 2L for fixed–free.
Question No.110: What is Poisson’s ratio for concrete and steel? Ans: About 0.15–0.20 for concrete and about 0.3 for steel.
Question No.111: What is Hooke’s law? Ans: Stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit.
Question No.112: What is the relation between E, G and ν? Ans: E = 2G(1 + ν).
Question No.113: What is the section modulus? Ans: Z = I / y.
Question No.114: What is the moment of inertia of a rectangle about its centroidal axis? Ans: bd³ / 12.
Question No.115: What is the torsion equation? Ans: T/J = τ/r = Gθ/L.
Question No.116: What are influence lines used for? Ans: To analyse structures under moving loads.
Question No.117: Which theorem states that δᵢⱼ = δⱼᵢ? Ans: Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem.
Question No.118: Which specification is commonly used for steel structure design? Ans: AISC 360.
Question No.119: What is the yield strength of Grade 60 rebar? Ans: 60,000 psi (≈420 MPa); Grade 40 is 40,000 psi (≈280 MPa).
Question No.120: What are the failure modes of a bolted connection? Ans: Bolt shear, bearing, plate tension and block shear.
Question No.121: Which weld is most commonly used? Ans: Fillet weld.
Question No.122: What is the effective throat of a fillet weld? Ans: 0.707 × leg size.
Question No.123: Where are lacing and battens used? Ans: In built-up compression members (columns).
Question No.124: Why are stiffeners provided in plate girders? Ans: To prevent web buckling.
Question No.125: What is Bernoulli’s equation? Ans: p/γ + v²/2g + z = constant.
Question No.126: What is the continuity equation? Ans: Q = A₁V₁ = A₂V₂.
Question No.127: What are the Reynolds number limits for laminar and turbulent flow in pipes? Ans: Laminar below 2000 and turbulent above 4000.
Question No.128: What is the Darcy–Weisbach equation? Ans: hf = fLV² / 2gD.
Question No.129: What is Manning’s formula (SI)? Ans: V = (1/n) R^(2/3) S^(1/2).
Question No.130: What is the most economical rectangular channel section? Ans: b = 2y, which gives R = y/2.
Question No.131: What is the Froude number? Ans: Fr = V / √(gy); Fr = 1 means critical flow.
Question No.132: When does a hydraulic jump occur? Ans: When flow changes from supercritical to subcritical.
Question No.133: Which devices measure discharge in pipes? Ans: Venturimeter and orifice meter.
Question No.134: What does a Pitot tube measure? Ans: Velocity at a point.
Question No.135: Which turbine is used for high head and which for low head? Ans: Pelton wheel for high head and Kaplan turbine for low head.
Question No.136: What is water hammer? Ans: A pressure surge caused by sudden closure of a valve in a pipeline.
Question No.137: What is the SI unit of dynamic viscosity? Ans: Pa·s (the poise is the CGS unit).
Question No.138: What is Kennedy’s critical velocity formula? Ans: V₀ = 0.55 D^0.64 (m/s).
Question No.139: What is the duty of water? Ans: The area irrigated per unit discharge (hectares per cumec).
Question No.140: What is delta in irrigation? Ans: The total depth of water required by a crop during its base period.
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ڈیلی فری ٹیسٹ سیریز اور آن لائن باقاعدہ تیاری سیشن کا حصہ بننے کے لیے ابھی ہمارا واٹس ایپ چینل جوائن کریں اور گھر بیٹھے امتحانات میں کامیابی حاصل کریں!
Irrigation, Highways, Environmental, Management, Codes, Quality Control
Question No.141: What is the relation between duty, delta and base period? Ans: Δ = 8.64B / D (Δ in m, B in days, D in ha/cumec).
Question No.142: What is the Rational formula for peak runoff? Ans: Q = CIA / 360 (Q in m³/s, I in mm/hr, A in hectares).
Question No.143: Who introduced the unit hydrograph? Ans: L.K. Sherman (1932).
Question No.144: Which theories are used to design weirs on permeable foundations? Ans: Bligh’s creep theory and Khosla’s theory (exit gradient).
Question No.145: Which is the largest earth- and rock-fill dam in Pakistan? Ans: Tarbela Dam, on the Indus River.
Question No.146: When was the Indus Waters Treaty signed? Ans: 1960.
Question No.147: What is waterlogging? Ans: A rise of the water table into the root zone of crops.
Question No.148: What is the main purpose of canal lining? Ans: To reduce seepage losses and prevent waterlogging.
Question No.149: What is the cross-drainage work called where a canal passes over a drain? Ans: An aqueduct; when a drain passes over a canal, it is a super-passage.
Question No.150: What is the difference between a barrage and a weir? Ans: A barrage has gates across its full length to control the pond level; a weir mainly raises the water level by its crest.
Question No.151: Which authority manages national highways in Pakistan? Ans: National Highway Authority (NHA).
Question No.152: Which methods are used for flexible pavement design? Ans: The AASHTO 1993 method and the CBR method.
Question No.153: Whose theory is used to analyse stresses in rigid pavements? Ans: Westergaard’s.
Question No.154: What is the standard ESAL? Ans: An 18,000 lb (80 kN) single axle load.
Question No.155: What is the Marshall test used for? Ans: Bituminous (asphalt) mix design, measuring stability and flow.
Question No.156: What does the penetration test of bitumen measure? Ans: Hardness or consistency (for example, grade 60/70).
Question No.157: What does the Los Angeles abrasion test measure? Ans: The hardness and abrasion resistance of aggregate.
Question No.158: What is the superelevation formula? Ans: e + f = V² / 127R (V in km/h, R in m).
Question No.159: What is the stopping sight distance formula? Ans: SSD = 0.278Vt + V² / 254f.
Question No.160: What is the purpose of camber? Ans: To drain surface water off the road.
Question No.161: Which transition curve is ideal for highways? Ans: The spiral (clothoid).
Question No.162: What perception-reaction time does AASHTO use for SSD? Ans: 2.5 seconds.
Question No.163: What does PCU stand for? Ans: Passenger Car Unit.
Question No.164: What is the difference between a prime coat and a tack coat? Ans: A prime coat goes on an unbound granular base; a tack coat bonds a new layer to an existing bituminous or concrete surface.
Question No.165: What is the standard BOD test? Ans: 5 days at 20°C.
Question No.166: What is the WHO limit for turbidity in drinking water? Ans: Less than 5 NTU (ideally below 1 NTU).
Question No.167: What is the permissible pH range of drinking water? Ans: 6.5–8.5.
Question No.168: What is the desirable residual chlorine in a water supply? Ans: 0.2–0.5 mg/L.
Question No.169: Which coagulant is most common in water treatment? Ans: Alum (aluminium sulphate).
Question No.170: What is the activated sludge process? Ans: An aerobic, suspended-growth biological wastewater treatment process.
Question No.171: What is a trickling filter? Ans: An aerobic, attached-growth biological treatment unit.
Question No.172: What is the usual detention time of a septic tank? Ans: 12–24 hours (commonly 24 hours).
Question No.173: What causes hardness in water? Ans: Calcium and magnesium ions.
Question No.174: What is the self-cleansing velocity in sewers? Ans: About 0.6–0.75 m/s.
Question No.175: What is the difference between CPM and PERT? Ans: CPM is deterministic and activity-oriented; PERT is probabilistic and event-oriented.
Question No.176: What is the PERT expected time? Ans: te = (to + 4tm + tp) / 6.
Question No.177: What is total float? Ans: LST − EST (or LFT − EFT).
Question No.178: What is the critical path? Ans: The longest path through the network, with zero total float.
Question No.179: What is a Gantt chart? Ans: A bar chart for project scheduling.
Question No.180: Which contract conditions are commonly used for works in Pakistan? Ans: FIDIC-based PEC Standard Bidding Documents.
Question No.181: Under which act was the Pakistan Engineering Council established? Ans: The PEC Act 1976.
Question No.182: Which rules govern public procurement in Punjab? Ans: The Punjab Procurement Rules 2014, administered by PPRA Punjab.
Question No.183: What is the prismoidal formula for earthwork? Ans: V = L/6 (A₁ + 4Am + A₂).
Question No.184: Which simpler method is also used for earthwork volume? Ans: The average end area method.
Question No.185: In what units are brickwork and plaster measured? Ans: Brickwork in volume (cft or m³) and plaster in area (sft or m²).
Question No.186: What is a mass haul diagram used for? Ans: Balancing cut and fill and finding haul distances.
Question No.187: What are the seismic provisions of the Building Code of Pakistan called? Ans: BCP Seismic Provisions 2007.
Question No.188: What are the seismic zones under BCP-2007? Ans: Zones 1, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4 (Zone 4 is the most severe).
Question No.189: What are the routine site tests for fresh and hardened concrete? Ans: The slump test for fresh concrete and the cube or cylinder compression test for hardened concrete.
Question No.190: What does a rebound (Schmidt) hammer measure? Ans: Surface hardness, which is used to estimate in-situ compressive strength.
Question No.191: What is the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test used for? Ans: Detecting voids, cracks and non-uniformity in concrete.
Question No.192: What is a core test? Ans: Extracting a cylindrical core from a structure to verify in-situ strength.
Question No.193: What causes honeycombing in concrete? Ans: Poor compaction, segregation or grout leakage from the formwork.
Question No.194: What is segregation? Ans: Separation of coarse aggregate from the concrete mix.
Question No.195: What is bleeding in concrete? Ans: Water rising to the surface of freshly placed concrete.
Question No.196: What is efflorescence? Ans: White deposits of soluble salts on a brick or masonry surface.
Question No.197: What is alkali-aggregate reaction? Ans: A reaction between alkalis in cement and reactive silica in aggregate that causes expansion and cracking.
Question No.198: How does carbonation harm RCC? Ans: It lowers the pH of concrete, which leads to corrosion of the reinforcement.
Question No.199: Which cement resists sulphate attack? Ans: Sulphate-resisting cement, which has low C₃A.
Question No.200: What are fly ash and silica fume? Ans: Pozzolanic admixtures that improve the strength, impermeability and durability of concrete.
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ڈیلی فری ٹیسٹ سیریز اور آن لائن باقاعدہ تیاری سیشن کا حصہ بننے کے لیے ابھی ہمارا واٹس ایپ چینل جوائن کریں اور گھر بیٹھے امتحانات میں کامیابی حاصل کریں!
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