Q: What is the main objective of seed certification?
Answer: To ensure genetic purity and quality of seeds
Q: What is the main economic importance of wheat in Pakistan?
Answer: Food security and staple crop
Q: Which insect is a major pest of cotton?
Answer: Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
Q: Late blight of potato is caused by which pathogen?
Answer: Phytophthora infestans
Q: Primary nutrient supplied by roots?
Answer: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Q: Mendelian population means?
Answer: Random-mating population
Q: Soil texture refers to?
Answer: Proportion of sand, silt, and clay
Q: Nematode causing root-knot in crops?
Answer: Meloidogyne spp.
Q: Nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium is an example of?
Answer: Symbiotic relationship
Q: Photosynthesis takes place in which part of the plant?
Answer: Chloroplast
Q: Hybrid seed is always?
Answer: Heterozygous
Q: Economic threshold level is defined as?
Answer: Pest population level at which control should prevent economic injury
Q: Which soil property affects water retention?
Answer: Soil texture and organic matter
Q: Rice blast disease is caused by?
Answer: Magnaporthe oryzae
Q: Crop rotation is mainly used to?
Answer: Reduce soil-borne diseases and pests
Q: What is the function of auxins in plants?
Answer: Promote cell elongation and root formation
Q: Biotechnology tool used for virus-free plants?
Answer: Tissue culture (Meristem tip)
Q: Which insect transmits Cotton Leaf Curl Virus?
Answer: Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
Q: Waterlogging affects which soil property most?
Answer: Aeration
Q: Nitrogenous fertilizers examples?
Answer: Urea, Ammonium nitrate
Q: Which nematode attacks above-ground plant parts?
Answer: Anguina spp.
Q: Rust of wheat is caused by?
Answer: Puccinia spp.
Q: Seed dormancy is broken by?
Answer: Stratification or scarification
Q: Major factor affecting crop evapotranspiration?
Answer: Temperature and humidity
Q: Which pest attacks stored grains?
Answer: Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae)
Q: Meristem tissue is used in?
Answer: Micropropagation
Q: Sulfur bacteria in soil?
Answer: Thiobacillus
Q: Which crop is most sensitive to water stress during flowering?
Answer: Rice
Q: Downy mildew in maize is caused by?
Answer: Sclerospora spp.
Q: Primary function of soil organic matter?
Answer: Improve fertility and water retention
Q: Which fruit develops from an inflorescence?
Answer: Pineapple (Composite fruit)
Q: Male gametophyte in angiosperms contains?
Answer: Two male gametes + one tube nucleus
Q: Monoculture cropping leads to?
Answer: Pest and disease buildup
Q: Which insecticide is systemic?
Answer: Imidacloprid
Q: Seed vigour tests include?
Answer: Germination, Tetrazolium test, Accelerated ageing
Q: Which plant hormone promotes fruit ripening?
Answer: Ethylene
Q: Bajra smut disease is caused by?
Answer: Tolyposorium penicillarie
Q: Crop affected by aphids as vector?
Answer: Potato (Potato virus Y)
Q: Soil pH affects?
Answer: Nutrient availability
Q: Wheat ear cockle is caused by?
Answer: Anguina tritici
Q: Which nitrogen-fixing bacteria is free-living?
Answer: Azotobacter
Q: Photosynthetic pigments include?
Answer: Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobilins
Q: Fusarium wilt affects which crop?
Answer: Tomato (Fusarium oxysporum)
Q: Dithane Z-78 belongs to which class?
Answer: Dithiocarbamate fungicide
Q: Agroforestry helps in?
Answer: Soil conservation and microclimate improvement
Q: Which insect lays eggs inside plant tissue?
Answer: Stem borer
Q: Germination of seeds requires?
Answer: Water, oxygen, and suitable temperature
Q: Cotton leaf curl virus is transmitted by?
Answer: Whitefly
Q: Major factor affecting soil erosion?
Answer: Rainfall intensity and slope
Q: Polyploidy in crops is used to?
Answer: Induce desirable variation
Q: Nitrogen deficiency in plants shows which symptom?
Answer: Chlorosis in older leaves
Q: What is the function of stomata?
Answer: Gas exchange and transpiration
Q: Which fungal disease caused Bengal famine 1943?
Answer: Brown leaf spot of rice
Q: Which organelle stores starch?
Answer: Amyloplast
Q: Which soil layer is most fertile?
Answer: Topsoil (A-horizon)
Q: Which weed is major in wheat?
Answer: Phalaris minor
Q: Bacillus thuringiensis is used as?
Answer: Bioinsecticide
Q: Root nodules formed by?
Answer: Rhizobium
Q: Nematode control chemical example?
Answer: Aldicarb
Q: Crop rotation reduces?
Answer: Soil-borne pathogens
Q: Red rot of sugarcane is caused by?
Answer: Colletotrichum falcatum
Q: Role of potassium in plants?
Answer: Enzyme activation and water regulation
Q: Hybrid seed production needs control of?
Answer: Pollination
Q: Tissue for virus-free potato plant?
Answer: Meristem tip
Q: White rust affects which plant family?
Answer: Crucifers
Q: Rust disease caused by?
Answer: Puccinia
Q: Economic injury level means?
Answer: Damage level causing economic loss
Q: Agroclimatic zone is?
Answer: Region with similar climate and crop suitability
Q: Best water management method in rice?
Answer: Alternate wetting and drying
Q: Mycorrhiza helps in absorption of?
Answer: Phosphorus
Q: Which soil type holds most water?
Answer: Clay
Q: Entomopathogenic fungi are used for?
Answer: Biological control of insects
Q: Seed moisture affects?
Answer: Viability and storage life
Q: Major pest of stored pulses?
Answer: Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis)
Q: Microbial activity highest in which soil layer?
Answer: Topsoil
Q: Primary tillage purpose?
Answer: Loosen soil and control weeds
Q: Legume crops enrich soil with?
Answer: Nitrogen
Q: Which disease shows “Little leaf” symptom in sugarcane?
Answer: Phytoplasma infection
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